Right to Counsel - 1096 Words

Right to Counsel Lionel James CJA/364 December12, 2011 CHARLES MC CLELLAND Right to Counsel Introduction: The primary source of the right to counsel is the Sixth Amendment. It states in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to have the Assistance of Counsel for defence. In this article, the development of the right to council will be discussed as well as when the right to council attaches to criminal procedures. The right to self- representation and the role of attorneys as it applies to right to council will be discussed as well. The development of the right to counsel: The Supreme Court in 1932 began to define the right to counsel and years later it applied it to the Sixth Amendment right to†¦show more content†¦In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) the Court held that counsel was required by due process in all death penalty trials, in all capital case arraignments, and in cases involving an unsworn defendant who wishes to make a statement. Justice Stanley Reed revealed that the court was divided as to noncapital cases but that several justices felt that the Due Process Clause requires counsel for all persons charged with serious crime.(Zalman,2008). In Griffin v.Illinois (1956) the Court held that under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause indigent defendants are entitled to a trial transcript in order to facilitate appeals. Justice Black wrote: There can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has. Justice Black’s opinion was probably designed to undermine the Betts special ci rcumstances rule, replacing it with a flat requirement that the state had to provide counsel to indigents.(Zalman,2008). The Supreme Court in Argersinger v.Hamlin (1972) found no constitutional basis for distinguishing between a misdemeanor and a felony for purposes of assigned counsel for indigents. It stated that counsel was required by the Sixth Amendment in misdemeanor cases where a defendant is actually sentenced to imprisonment.(Zalman,2008). The Right to Counsel Attach:Show MoreRelatedThe Right To Legal Counsel759 Words   |  4 PagesThe growth in the right to legal counsel has primarily taken place on the state and local level, with bar association, advocacy groups and organizations working to improve the access to justice in their area. Different states have adopted varies strategies for tackling the civil justice gap within their communities. A. California In April 2012, San Francisco announced that it was going to become the first in the nation â€Å"Right to Civil Counsel City.† To receive free representation under the newRead MoreThe Rights Of An Attorney1123 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican citizens tend to forget that they did not always have the rights they have today. They do not remember that the rights they have were not just handed to them, people fought for them. One in particular that was not easily granted was the right to an attorney. While there are other important parts to due process, the right to an attorney is by far the most valuable and necessary. The right to an attorney is the most important aspect of due process because without it any human being withoutRead MoreHistory and Development of the Sixth Amendment Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pages Constitutional Law LS 305 – 01 Unit 7 Essay The Sixth Amendment of the Bill of Rights contains seven clauses that protect the rights of the accused. The amendment assures the accused that â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previouslyRead MoreThe Law Of The Rights1345 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution or risk being declared unconstitutional. The right to counsel in criminal proceedings is directly supported under the U. S. Constitution through an Amendment. The right to counsel ensures that a defendant will be treated fairly and equally under the eyes of the law. Its application, however, has proven to deliver less than it intended. However, the written law of the right to counsel fails to provide defendants with effective appointed counsel. The victims of underrepresentation are mostly madeRead More Recognizing Our Rights1136 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesWe as citizens should recognize that any of our rights in the Constitution is subjected to continual interpretation by our courts, especially by the United States Supreme Court. As of today, our Sixth Amendment still allows us as American citizens to â€Å"Due Process†, as well as other important rights. This particular right requires police and government officials to recognize our due process rights, especially as suspects during an arrest, questioning, and handling. During an arrest and prior toRead MoreThe s Scales Of Justice : Defense Counsel And The English Criminal Trial Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesReview of J.M. Beattie’s â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries† Beattie, J.M. â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. † Law and History Review 9, no.2 (1991): 221-267. Article Summary J.M Beattie, in â€Å"Scales of Justice: Defense Counsel and the English Criminal Trial in the Eighteenth and Nineteen Centuries,† investigates the transformations in EnglishRead MoreGideons Trumpet Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesensue. In the eyes of Gideon, an attorney was a fundamental right of due process. However, his biggest challenge would be proving to the courts as well that his assertion to obtain a lawyer was a right to due process. The main challenge Gideon needed to overcome was the regulations instituted by the 1942 court case Betts v. Brady. Betts v. Brady established that only in special circumstances were impoverished criminals entitled to counsel. These special circumstances often required some form of mentalRead MoreThere Are Clear Violations Of The Shiner s Rights1722 Words   |  7 PagesThere are clear violations of the Shiner’s rights. Although the Shiners are considered to be a secession group, they are still protected under the Fourteenth Ame ndment (Lash, 2014). Despite the fact that the Shiners wanted to live by their own governed laws and practice their own religion, they are still United States Citizens (Wellman, 2014). According to the Fourteenth Amendment, any individual that was born or naturalized in the United States, are citizens of the United States and whichever StateRead MoreGideon V. Wainwright789 Words   |  4 Pagesto commit a misdemeanor, thus making it a felony. Mr. Gideon was indigent and asked the court to appoint counsel for him. The court stated that because Gideon was not charged with a capital offense, under Florida State Law his request was denied. Mr. Gideon stated, â€Å"The United States Supreme Court says I am entitled to be represented by counsel†. Mr. Gideon was brought to trial without counsel and was found guilty by a jury. He was sentenced to five years in state prison. â€Å"Mr. Gideon filed a WritRead MoreOrigins Of The United States1260 Words   |  6 PagesSixth Amendment include Betts v. Brady (1942) and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).2 These two cases pondered and deliberated the argument over the course of twenty-one years as to whether defendants in a criminal case are entitled to court appointed counsel under the guarantees of the Sixth Amendment should they not be able to afford one. During the time period between these two landmark Supreme Court cases there were other factors which helped contribute to the change in Court’s opinion. These factors

Article On Online Casino Games - 1574 Words

Article 25 – Online casino game developers to watch in 2015 If you love playing online casino games, there are plenty of reasons to get excited about 2015. Current software developers are working round the clock to raise the bar in terms of fun and quality, but it isn’t just the names you recognize that is pushing the online casino industry forward. Brand new software developers are seemingly starting up monthly, and with these new companies come brand new casino games and game technology. While 2015 is in full-swing and we’ve seen plenty of great games so far, the rest of the year is gearing up to be just as good, with the following three game developers being the ones to watch. Xin Gaming When you speak about game developers with heritage, you need to speak about Xin Gaming. This developer works to offer up games covering a wide range of themes, but by utilising various Asian font based card symbols within their slot-based games it remains loyal to its roots. The big titles created by Xin Gaming are Chinese New Year and Fantasies. After creating a loyal domestic fan base, Xin Gaming has its eyes set on international expansion in 2015 and look set to try there hand at making slot games that cover various social platforms. It should also be noted that the company has recently announced a new agreement with bitcoin casino Coin Gaming, which should see them expose their game catalogue to a brand new section of online casino players. Spinomenal If you are a new firm in theShow MoreRelatedArticle Review On Video Poker1538 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 10 – How to rule the roost at video poker While there is no denying that there are some similarities between online video poker games and online slot games, you can’t play them the same way and be successful. Video poker takes more than just faith in the gambling gods in order to find success, you need to understand what’s in front of you in order to win. Putting it simply, video poker success is going to be determined by your actions in the game. Remember strategy Don’t be a video pokerRead MoreArticle 41 : The Ultimate Guide1735 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 41 – The ultimate guide to live casinos As the world changes so do the arenas of online gambling and the innovations that go along with them. Since first appearing on the World Wide Web back in the late 1990s, online casinos have entered a constant state of evolution. 3D gaming and HD gaming have become the norm, with casino adventure games being the latest innovation to take the online world by storm. With all this innovation coming out you would be remiss to think that traditional tableRead MoreIs Us Based Online Gambling Under Threat?1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 7 – Is US based online gambling under threat? For years, the online gambling industry has fought tooth and nail for the right to have a legal presence in the United States. 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While that is the case it has been in for some controversy as of late, as variousRead MoreArticle 18 - Advanced Player Payment Options1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 18 – Advanced player payment options In the world of online casino gaming it is all about the money. How you bet it, how you win it, and most importantly how you manage it, money is simply what the online casino industry is all about. There is an old saying, if you look after the pennies the pounds will look after themselves, which really stands true when you choose to wager online. Understanding the importance of bankroll management, online casinos have recently raised the stakes when itRead MoreIs Amaya Gaming The Worlds First True Online Casino Entertainment Company?1553 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 10 – Is Amaya Gaming the world’s first true online casino entertainment company? It has a titanic sized user base, is an industry leader in ever sense of the world, and has user engagement levels that simply blow the competition away. Amaya Gaming have grown to such a level where they truly embody the term â€Å"entertainment† arguably more than they do the term â€Å"online casino†. Considering they now seem to have more association with B2C Internet firms than their online casino peers, have AmayaRead MoreAnalysis Of 19 - Playtech Brings Its Games1542 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 19 – Playtech brings its games and software to Norwegian shores They are one of the leading names in the world of online casino game development and regularly feature on casino portals throughout the world. Playtech has forged a reputation for quality in the online casino world and they are now bringing such reputation to the shores of Norway. After much deliberation, Playtech have claimed the rights to provide content to Norway’s state-owned gaming operator. Many within the industry considerRead MoreArticle 35 : The Top 6 Online Slot Games1584 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 35 – The Top 6 Online Slot Games of All-Time It is a subject that has been debated on casino portals around the world, so what are the greatest online slot games of all time? The following is a comprehensive countdown of what we feel are the greatest slot games ever created. No. 1 – The Dark Night Slots The film took the cinema world by storm and re-launched the Batman franchise, with its slot adaptation revolutionizing the world of online slots. Created by Microgaming, The Dark NightRead MoreOnline Gambling On North American Shores1554 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 4 – PlayOLG gets better with age It went down as one of the controversial rulings in Canadian history, when government proposals to approve online gambling in Ontario were passed. 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Need To Update The Chicago Convention AT myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a article why need to update the Chicago Convention? Answer: The Chicago Convention was formulated in the year 1944 and since the time it was established it has hardly undergone any changes. The Convention is said to outlive its usefulness and it has been more than 60 years that the Convention has seen changes. However, over the last sixty years the world has changed in many fields technical, economic, geopolitical and social. Many new states have come up that did not exist in the year 1944 (Bradley, 2014). The technology that made the aviation industry work has also leaped ahead and frequent changes are noticeable in the field of aviation industry since the year 1944. The world had progressed towards formation of a globalised economy in which the nationality border would have decreasing importance. New issues and challenges have come into existence that was foreseeable sixty years ago but now needs to be addressed urgently and seriously (Bradley, 2014). Likewise, criminal acts have increased and there is a need to protect the safety of civil aviation. In the recent years, there is a growing concern for environmental protection, growing need for air traffic management and technical assistance to make sure that globally the civil aviation industry is safe. Hence, with these mounting issues in the Chicago Convention we may conclude that there is a need to make necessary amendments in the Convention so that it meets the requirements of globalization and the growing demands in the field of civil aviation. According to me, the Chicago Convention should be modernized and necessary changes should be implemented (Button Neiva, 2014). References: Bradley, M. M. (2014). Drones and the Chicago convention: an examination of the concepts of aerial sovereignty, the war on terror and the notion of self-defence in relation to the Chicago convention. Button, K., Neiva, R. (2014). Economic efficiency of European air traffic control systems.Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP),48(1).

Teaching Practice free essay sample

You know, that there is no secret that the students who are doing their fourth year are fresh from their first fulltime teaching practice and I am not an exception. A week ago I came back from my school practice and I am full of emotions and positive fillings. I was allocated to a comprehensive school in Donetsk. And I did my fulltime practice as a teacher of English and foreign literature. I spent my first week observing lessons in different classes and giving occasional lessons myself. Sometimes I had to substitute some teachers because of their illness. At these moments I understood that teaching is not my calling, but I must do it. I think that people, who find teaching as a calling must be absolutely stark raving mad. I should admit that speaking about my responsibilities during school practice, I had my hands full doing all sorts of tutorial and instructional work. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And some more responsibilities for the class rested squarely on my shoulders. Apart from conducting lessons I had a thousand one other time consuming duties as out-of-school activities with my class as a master teacher. As for the school staff, I can say that mainly there were not too young but consequently, enthusiastic, energetic and willing to share experience teachers. I was doing my practice under the superviser’s control, who is a fully-flagged teacher and she always helped me in case I had some problems†¦ And now I want to spent some time writing some words about children. You know, every school has disobedient pupils as well as diligent and assiduous. And the fact is that children will be children everywhere. Honestly, I had some discipline problems with boisterous children who always wanted to talk back to me and tried to play some jokes and tricks on me. Unfortunately, I didn’t have enough knowledge about how to keep them well in hand, but I tried no to bark out orders, but participate in personality reinforcing interaction with them. I always tried to establish a warm supportive and nonthreatening climate in the class. I knew, that it would help me to get a feedback from those, who were diligent pupils, who were quick in the up-takes, could catch words on the fly†¦I tried to imbue them with love of English and to support their interest unflagged , keep them busy and involve them into work. So, analyzing my first fulltime practice, I can say that I need some more skills in teaching, because I am too lenient and mind-bind teacher, that’s why I had the discipline problems†¦ To sum up I ant to write the next words: â€Å" A good teacher should be a bit of an actor. This is part of the technique of teaching†. And these words are absolutely true, because I have checked them in practice†¦ And, no matter whether you are standoffish or a mind-bind teacher, no capacity will be more important for you than a disinterested love of children and of your subject area.

Effects on Marine Pollution Professor Ramos Blog

Effects on Marine Pollution Trash from the shore lines eventually make it into the ocean if no one picks them up. Marine pollution has been considered a serious problem since the late 1900s when fish populations started to reduce due to the pollution. Trash in the ocean is not only affecting fish; it has also posed a risk to coral reefs which are actually living animals who are already 19% extinct. Humans are the only mammals who are capable of acknowledging they are doing wrong, through instinct but can choose to do right tomorrow. Therefore, even though humans are responsible for endangering animals, we are now encouraging engineers and cleanup crews to help the environment. Ocean technologies have been a work in process for a specific purpose: to clean pollution and decrease the risk of wildlife endangerment. These technologies need to be implemented and utilized to reduce marine pollution. Through the past decade, computerized devices like cell phones and laptops have been getting smaller, more powerful and more portable. But technology for the ocean is still a work in progress. Boyan Slat is the founder and CEO of The Ocean Cleanup foundation. This foundations goal is to clean up the worlds oceans by ridding them of plastics and other waste. They plan on doing this by creating floating barriers on a coastline to gather the plastic, and take it out. The barrier consists of a 600 meter long floater and a three meter deep skirt attached underneath. The floater supplies buoyancy to the barrier and avoids plastic from floating over it while the skirt prevents smaller particles from escaping underneath and allowing fish to still pass under it. The floating barrier uses the wind and waves from the ocean to propel itself, gathering plastic and other de as it goes. The system moves quicker than the trash that way the plastic is captured. The skirt extends deeper in the middle of the system than on the outer edges allowing it to turn the barrier into a u-shape when the current applies force. From there the trash is gathered like a funnel at the center of the barrier.   The barrier and the plastic are both free floating along the ocean therefore the barrier is more likely to travel in the direction of high amounts of trash, gathering the pollution along its way. This system has solar power lights, anti collision systems, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, for the engineers and scientists to be allowed to communicate with the system in any part of the ocean. It also gathers performance data. Periodically, a support ship comes by to take out the gathered plastic like a garbage truck of the ocean. The plastic is transported after to land and is recycled; it is also turned into glass bracelets, necklaces, etc. Once the barrier is released into the ocean in 29 days from now (August 10, 2018), this system   is expected to clean up 50% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch every 5 years. Technology is one of the many devices people are trying to use in order to clean up the ocean.Aside from technology, there have been over 17 different states in the U.S. who have participated in a Zero Waste Week campaign. This campaign encourages students to reduce their amounts of plastic usage and littering. They are encouraged to go out as classrooms and pick up trash that might one day find its way into the ocean; afterwards, the students dispose of the trash properly. During this campaign the schools adopt a new slogan â€Å"go green, think blue† and embraced the five R’s: refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, and rot. Teachers and student reduced bottled waters and tried replacing them with reusable containers. The students even made a competition out of the campaign and battled against other classes to see who could bring in the most reusable equipment and the winners would get reusable gifts. As appreciated as these schools and foundations are, the only way humans as a whole can make a drastic difference for the aquatic mammals is if we all made changes to our daily uses for plastic. Yes, plastic does have a valuable temporary use for humans. But once the plastic is no longer worthy to someone then they will get thrown out. Plastic takes hundreds of years to decompose. But plastic is actually more dangerous for the ocean when they become very small pieces known as micro-plastics; fish confuse it with food and it kills them slowly. There are plenty of substitutions to plastic: toothbrushes are now made with plant based bamboo products, there is biodegradable floss, grocery plastic bags can be replaced with paper or fabric material, and straws can now be substituted with either metal or glass. Plastic straws end up in the ocean primarily through human mistakes and some intentional mistakes. They are left on beaches in coastal communities, littered, or blown out of trash cans because of how small and light straws are. Once the straws enter the ocean, their main victims are seabirds are turtles. People have been gathering cleanup crews along the side of the ocean making it their mission to not leave any trash behind, 4 ocean is an organization that gathers groups of people all over the world to clean the oc eans. They also have boats and throw fishing nets into the ocean to gather pollution instead of fish. Every pound of trash that gets pulled out of the ocean is turned into glass bracelets with a logo that says â€Å"1 pound†. Cleaning up the ocean with technologies such as floating barriers were impossible ideas over five years ago. Now it is a work in progress that might save endangered species of fish. California is the only state that is passing bills to aim the reduction of plastic straws and bottles decreasing the amounts of litter; other states in the U.S. are trying to do the same. Countries all over the world such as European countries, like Denmark, France, Belgium, Italy and Portugal, have already been trying to â€Å"kick the plastic addiction† by recycling and using biodegradable or reusable products to save the ocean. Work Cited Laist, David. â€Å"Overview of the biological effects of lost and discarded plastic debris in the marine environment.† Marine pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, no. 6, June 1987, Page: 319-326. Science Direct, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X8780019X. -This article was written in 1987, therefore polluting the ocean was already a serious topic 31 years ago. Laist covers the amounts of plastics and other synthetic materials that were being polluted into the ocean. Plastic was becoming more available to the people and we were getting creative in using it many different ways. But did we actually consider how quick it would degrade, where the wastes would go, and who it would affect in the long run? Plastic wastes are now possessing danger to â€Å"marine mammals, seabirds, turtles, fish, and crustaceans† because they confuse plastic with foods and it damages their organs or causes them to feel ill and starve to death. Animals constantly get caught in fishing nets and drown or when they come in contact with anything that does not belong in the ocean, they can cut themselves or swim directly into objects causing injuries. McCoy, Terrence. Can the Largest Cleanup in History Save the Ocean? Washington Post Blogs, 01 Feb, 2016, SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. -Boyan Slat is the founder of the Ocean Cleanup organization. He proposed building a large and angled barrier and anchoring it to the ocean floor in the areas of densest garbage pile. Then â€Å"the oceans currents would take it from there, passively pushing the plastic into a collection zone†. It was predicted that this cleanup would take thousands of years but Slat presented a more complex idea to a project’s office with his creation that would only take five years. It took him plenty of attempts to model and put to use his creations and he failed many times, this helped him understand how inventions work. By 2020 Boot and his team were going to be ready to launch this experiment into a successful attempt but in June 2017, there was an updated report his creation will be launching this year in 2018. Nally, Alyssa. Students Take a Stand Against Marine Plastic Pollution by Adopting.. NOAA News, 01 Jul, 2018, SIRS Government Reporter, https://sks.sirs.com. -Students from a   union school in California have began a campaign called â€Å"Zero Waste Week† in which they promote reusable water containers instead of using plastic bottles and anything that can substitute styrofoam or any kind of plastic. Classrooms were encouraged to compete against other classrooms and see who could bring in their own reusable bottles or other objects and the class winners would receive reusable gifts. They came up with a slogan: â€Å"go green, think blue†, and they encouraged more schools to embrace their campaign. On friday’s, the students would go out and collect as much trash as they possibly could and dispose of it properly to make sure none of it would end up in the ocean. Their efforts are making a difference and they definitely reached out to Watsonville School of Arts in California. Watsonville students are turning trash into art by creating reusable cloth napkins during Zero Waste Week. Paulson, Amanda. Rethinking Disposable Strawsfor the Sake of the Oceans. Christian Science Monitor, 07 Jun, 2018, SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. -Even though our generation is becoming aware of the danger plastics are causing the ocean, it is going to take more effort from every individual to actually make a difference. There are an estimated eight million tons of trash in the ocean each year which is equivalent to one truck loaded with trash being dumped into the ocean each minute. Yes, plastic does have a valuable meaning on land because we so often use it but we also get rid of it fast. California is the only state in the United States to try and eliminate plastic. We rid ourselves from most plastic bags and California was just introduced to a   Bill that would ban plastic straws. There are substitutions from the plastic material such as bamboo, metal, or glass straws. Schreuer, Milan. E.U. Proposes Plastics Ban to Cut Down Sea Pollution. New York Times, 29 May, 2018, pp. A. 6. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. -the ten plastic items most commonly found on beaches include straws, cotton swabs, disposable cutlery, and fishing gear. European countries have already taken steps to reduce more plastic use and many of the population show a major interest in helping the ocean. European countries are waiting for the approval by the unions 28 member states to reduce the top ten plastics.

Definition and Examples of Double Entendres

Definition and Examples of Double Entendres A double entendre is a  figure of speech in which a word or phrase can be understood in two ways, especially when one meaning is risquà ©. Also called innuendo. One of the most famous double entendres in American advertising is the slogan created by Shirley  Polykoff to promote Clairol hair coloring: Does she or doesnt she? The phrase double entendre  (from the French, now obsolete, for double meaning) is sometimes hyphenated and sometimes italicized. Examples and Observations Rebecca Kordecki . . . created little booties and a slide kit to use while performing moves that strengthen and lengthen the body. The name Booty Slide is a double entendre, she explains: We wear the booties on our feet, but the workout also lifts your booty.(Carlene Thomas-Bailey, American Fitness Crazes Hit the UK. The Guardian, Dec. 28, 2010)While many mento songs are about traditional folksong subjects, from political commentary to simple day-to-day life, a disproportionately large number of the songs are bawdy songs, often featuring poorly-veiled (and delightfully funny) sexual double-entendres. Popular mento songs include references to Big Bamboo, Juicy Tomatoes, Sweet Watermelon, and so on.(Megan Romer, Jamaican Mento Music 101, About.com World Music)Mrs. Slocombe: Before we go any further, Mr. Rumbold, Miss Brahms and I would like to complain about the state of our drawers. Theyre a positive disgrace.Mr. Rumbold: Your what, Mrs. Slocombe?Mrs. Slocombe: Our drawers. Theyre sti cking. And its always the same in damp weather.Mr. Rumbold: Really.Mrs. Slocombe: Miss Brahms could hardly shift hers at all just now.Mr. Lucas: No wonder she was late.Mrs. Slocombe: They sent a man who put beeswax on them, but that made them worse.Mr. Rumbold: Im not surprised.Miss Brahms: I think they need sandpapering.(Mollie Sugden, Nicholas Smith, Trevor Bannister, and Wendy Richard in Are You Being Served?) She touched his organ, and from that bright epoch, even it, the old companion of his happiest hours, incapable as he had thought of elevation, began a new and deified existence.(Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, 1844)Nurse: God ye good morrow, gentlemen.Mercutio: God ye good den, fair gentlewoman.Nurse: Is it good den?Mercutio: ’Tis no less, I tell you; for the bawdy hand of the dial is now upon the prick of noon.Nurse: Out upon you! what a man are you!(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act II, scene three)Its impossible to ignore the prominence of water as a primary motif in black spiritual culture- from the debilitated Gospel pleas to be washed white as snow to the rebellion-coded double entendre wade in the water, which referenced both baptism and escape routes from slavery.(William J. Cobb, To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic.  NYU Press, 2006)Womens Use of the Double Entendre in 18th-Century EnglandOf all the improvements in polite conversa tion, I know of nothing that is half so entertaining and significant as the double entendre. It is a figure in rhetoric, which owes its birth, as well as its name, to our inventive neighbours the French; and is that happy art, by which persons of fashion may communicate the loosest ideas under the most innocent expressions. The ladies have adopted it for the best reason in the world: they have long since discovered, that the present fashionable display of their persons is by no means a sufficient hint to the men that they mean any thing more than to attract their admiration: the double entendre displays the mind in an equal degree, and tells us from what motives the lure of beauty is thrown out. . . .The double entendre is at present so much the taste of all genteel companies, that there is no possibility either of being polite or entertaining without it. That it is easily learnt is the happy advantage of it; for as it requires little more than a mind well stored with the most natur al ideas, every young lady of fifteen may be thoroughly instructed in the rudiments of it from her book of novels, or her waiting maid. But to be as knowing as her mamma in all the refinements of the art, she must keep the very best company, and frequently receive lessons in private from a male instructor.(Edward Moore, The Double Entendre. The World, No. 201, Thursday, Nov. 4, 1756) Pronunciation: DUB-el an-TAN-dra

Space Tourism Intro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Space Tourism Intro - Essay Example Over-all Introduction of the Topic This paper entitled Risk Management Analysis: Space Tourism is about the identification of risks involved–and its ways to resolve and reduce them–in getting Space Tourism in full swing. It emphasizes the risk identification; so that the concerned people can consequently apply them to reduce imminent risks in space tourism, to save lives. This paper–albeit its delicate stand towards space tourism–stresses the positive aspect of space tourism as an opportunity to bring Science and luxury travel to new heights. It looks at space tourism not a profiteering racket by industry giants but as an evolving idea of space travel capable of giving a completely safe travel option for the next destination in the outer space. This paper has emphasized the aspects, which are to be scrutinized, in the area of space travel. Generally, these aspects are: history of space travel, suborbital flights, past accidents and, ultimately, the risk id entification. The group behind this paper considers the topic as worthy of doing a detailed risk analysis since it is futuristic. And, it is simply bearing in mind the safety of people and of the entire space industry to prevent their loss of lives and their investment, respectively. Lastly, we hope that this paper entitled Risk Management Analysis: Space Tourism can be a good reference–and a scientific journal at that–for concerned people. Unless we can’t stress to NASA–and other space administrations worldwide–not to take for granted the safety issues of human spaceflights, the space industry can’t assure the riding public of a superior and safe travel experience. History of Space Tourism When the Soviet Union successfully launched the Sputnik artificial satellite fifty-four years ago on October 4, 1957 (nasa.gov), the humanity was ushered in a new era of space science which dates back from the past. Later, on April of 1961, the newspaper The Huntsville Times of Alabama reported the feat of a Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in the banner â€Å"Man Enters Space† (nasa.gov). Gagarin is said to be successful in his April 12 orbital flight in the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Alan Shepard followed suit when he â€Å"became the first American in space less than a month† (nasa.gov). These, and few others, were monumental turning points in history which started to encourage people to raise the bar in luxury travel. Recently, space travel is becoming exclusive to astronauts – or cosmonauts – and multi-millionaires who can shell out millions of US dollars for a ticket, as well. But, the more progressive breakthrough in space tourism is the relatively cheaper means to travel in the space. Private launch services and satellite builders are there to cater to people who wish to visit the  International Space Station. (nasa.gov). For those who cannot afford, there is cheaper alternative. There is even an intera ctive video game for simulated space tourism. For those who wish to have a taste inside the International Space Station, Vision Videogames LLC made an agreement with NASA to create the video game SpaceStationSim (nasa.gov) so that people can encounter lifelike missions inside the space station. But it has to provide actual experiences. To date, federal funds have also supported infrastructure development–

Analysis of Red Hat Linux Operating System Research Paper

Analysis of Red Hat Linux Operating System - Research Paper Example Among other innovations, such as the Anaconda graphical installer and the firewall configuration tool Lokkit, Red Hat is an established name in the open source operating system market space. This may be due, in part, to its appealing graphical interface for users and the accessibility of its programmer interface, which is intelligently presented. By reviewing this interface, as well as some advantages and disadvantages of the operating system, why exactly Red Hat is a respected name in Linux circles may become clearer. Red Hat is ostensibly based on the design principles of simplicity, robustness, and security (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2007). Simplicity refers to simple abstractions and simple components, which leads to faster and more efficient use of hardware resources. Red Hat exemplifies this characteristic by focusing on a simple desktop for users to customize. Robustness refers to the ability of a system to resist failure after the addition of a new feature or component. When a system is multiprogramming, it is ideal if the system does not fail because it cannot adequately distribute resources to handle the increased load. Red Hat, because it has been developed and re-released over nine versions, is incredibly robust in handling large memory loads. Lastly, Red Hat is based on a secure design, which means Red Hat has extended Linux’s reputation as a secure environment, primarily by buffering overflows integrated in the standard software stack, smartcard authentication support, and SELinux security. The Red Hat Linux desktop consists of GNOME and KDE, which offer a wide range of features. The KDE desktop for Red Hat (in Figure 1), features a main menu icon at the lower left, which is a red hat. The desktop includes a number of files and folders, depending on what software is installed on the user’s computer. KDE is very similar to the standard Microsoft Windows format for the central desktop, particularly in how the standard option places the taskbar at the bottom of the screen, with a main menu button at the lower left, and desktop icons arranged vertically along the left side of the desktop. KDE uses a file management and web browser called Konqueror, which is a standard setting in Red Hat installations. Lastly, the KDE Control Center window allows for additional customization of the operating system for the user. In contrast, the GNOME desktop for Red Hat Linux (in Figure 2) is slightly different from KDE (McCarty, 2004). The principal dissimilarity is GNOME’s use of Nautilus, which like Konqueror, is the default file manager and browser. Another notable difference is GNOME’s use of a drawer, which is a clickable icon that leads to links to other launchers. GNOME also features a â€Å"Start Here† facility that allows for other kinds of configurations, including changes to peripheral devices, default applications, themes, GNOME’s appearance, and so on. A Red Hat Linux user is given a choice between the KDE and GNOME desktop interfaces. Beyond the basics of Red Hat’s desktop and user interface, however, one finds a rich array of tools for a programmer to manipulate and control his or her machine. The Unix shell in Red Hat, like an MS-DOS window, allows the user to execute commands. Again, beyond the desktop and point-and-click interface, the Linux shell is actually more sophisticated. The major elements of the programmer interface

New Paradigms in the Study of the Civil War Essay Example for Free

New Paradigms in the Study of the Civil War Essay A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united nation state. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half year average of the 1900-1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century, while over 20 concurrent civil wars were occurring at the end of the Cold War, before a significant decrease as conflicts strongly associated with the superpower rivalry came to an end. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of millions more. Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse; Somalia, Burma, Uganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars. Formal classification James Fearon, a scholar of civil wars at Stanford University, defines a civil war as a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies. The Correlates of War, a dataset widely used by scholars of conflict, classifies civil wars as having over 1000 war-related casualties per year of conflict. This rate is a small fraction of the millions killed in the Second Sudanese Civil War and Cambodian Civil War, for example, but excludes several highly publicized conflicts, such as The Troubles of Northern Ireland and the struggle of the African National Congress in Apartheid-era South Africa. That the Party in revolt against the de jure Government possesses an organized military force, an authority responsible for its acts, acting within a determinate territory and having the means of respecting and ensuring respect for the Convention. That the legal Government is obliged to have recourse to the regular military forces against insurgents organized as military and in possession of a part of the national territory. That the de jure Government has recognized the insurgents as belligerents; or That it has claimed for itself the rights of a belligerent; or That it has accorded the insurgents recognition as belligerents for the purposes only of the present Convention; or That the dispute has been admitted to the agenda of the Security Council or the General Assembly of the United Nations as being a threat to international peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression. That the insurgents have an organization purporting to have the characteristics of a State. That the insurgent civil authority exercises de facto authority over the population within a determinate portion of the national territory. That the armed forces act under the direction of an organized authority and are prepared to observe the ordinary laws of war. That the insurgent civil authority agrees to be bound by the provisions of the Convention. Causes of civil war in the Collier-Hoeffler Model Scholars investigating the cause of civil war are attracted by two opposing theories, greed versus grievance. Roughly stated: are conflicts caused by who people are, whether that be defined in terms of ethnicity, religion or other social affiliation, or do conflicts begin because it is in the economic best interests of individuals and groups to start them? Scholarly analysis supports the conclusion that economic and structural factors are more important than those of identity in predicting occurrences of civil war. A comprehensive studies of civil war was carried out by a team from the World Bank in the early 21st century. The study framework, which came to be called the Collier-Hoeffler Model, examined 78 five-year increments when civil war occurred from 1960 to 1999, as well as 1,167 five-year increments of no civil war for comparison, and subjected the data set to regression analysis to see the effect of various factors. The factors that were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the chance that a civil war would occur in any given five-year period were: Availability of finance A high proportion of primary commodities in national exports significantly increases the risk of a conflict. A country at peak danger, with commodities comprising 32% of gross domestic product, has a 22% risk of falling into civil war in a given five-year period, while a country with no primary commodity exports has a 1% risk. When disaggregated, only petroleum and non-petroleum groupings showed different results: a country with relatively low levels of dependence on petroleum exports is at slightly less risk, while a high-level of dependence on oil as an export results in slightly more risk of a civil war than national dependence on another primary commodity. The authors of the study interpreted this as being the result of the ease by which primary commodities may be extorted or captured compared to other forms of wealth, for example, it is easy to capture and control the output of a gold mine or oil field compared to a sector of garment manufacturing or hospitality services. A second source of finance is national diasporas, which can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad. The study found that statistically switching the size of a countrys diaspora from the smallest found in the study to the largest resulted in a sixfold increase in the chance of a civil war. Low per capita income has been proposed as a cause for grievance, prompting armed rebellion. However, for this to be true, one would expect economic inequality to also be a significant factor in rebellions, which it is not. The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity cost better explained the findings. Population size The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk of a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a countrys population. Gleditsch et al. did not find a relationship between ethnic groups with polygyny and increased frequency of civil wars but nations having legal polygamy may have more civil wars. They argued that misogyny is a better explanation than polygyny. They found that increased womens rights were are associated with less civil wars and that legal polygamy had no effect after women’s rights were controlled for. Duration of civil wars Ann Hironaka, author of Neverending Wars, divides the modern history of civil wars into the pre-19th century, 19th century to early 20th century, and late 20th century. In 19th-century Europe, the length of civil wars fell significantly, largely due to the nature of the conflicts as battles for the power center of the state, the strength of centralized governments, and the normally quick and decisive intervention by other states to support the government. Following World War II the duration of civil wars grew past the norm of the pre-19th century, largely due to weakness of the many postcolonial states and the intervention by major powers on both sides of conflict. The most obvious commonality to civil wars are that they occur in fragile states. Civil wars in the 19th and early 20th centuries Civil wars through the 19th century to early 20th century tended to be short; the average length of a civil war between 1900 and 1944 was one and half years. The state itself was the obvious center of authority in the majority of cases, and the civil wars were thus fought for control of the state. This meant that whoever had control of the capital and the military could normally crush resistance. If a rebellion failed to quickly seize the capital and control of the military for itself, it was normally doomed to a quick destruction. For example, the fighting associated with the 1871 Paris Commune occurred almost entirely in Paris, and ended quickly once the military sided with the government. The power of non-state actors resulted in a lower value placed on sovereignty in the 18th and 19th centuries, which further reduced the number of civil wars. For example, the pirates of the Barbary Coast were recognized as de facto states because of their military power. The Barbary pirates thus had no need to rebel against the Ottoman Empire, who were their nominal state government, to gain recognition for their sovereignty. Conversely, states such as Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States of America did not have sovereign status, but had significant political and economic independence coupled with weak federal control, reducing the incentive to secede. The two major global ideologies, monarchism and democracy, led to several civil wars. However, a bi-polar world, divided between the two ideologies, did not develop, largely due the dominance of monarchists through most of the period. The monarchists would thus normally intervene in other countries to stop democratic movements taking control and forming democratic governments, which were seen by monarchists as being both dangerous and unpredictable. The Great Powers, defined in the 1815 Congress of Vienna as the United Kingdom, Habsburg Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia, would frequently coordinate interventions in other nations civil wars, nearly always on the side of the incumbent government. Given the military strength of the Great Powers, these interventions were nearly always decisive and quickly ended the civil wars. There were several exceptions from the general rule of quick civil wars during this period. The American Civil War was unusual for at least two reasons: it was fought around regional identities, rather than political ideologies, and it was ended through a war of attrition, rather than over a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm. The Spanish Civil War was exceptional because both sides of the war received support from intervening great powers: Germany, Italy, and Portugal supported opposition leader Francisco Franco, while France and the Soviet Union supported the government . Civil wars since 1945 In the 1990s, about twenty civil wars were occurring concurrently during an average year, a rate about ten times the historical average since the 19th century. However, the rate of new civil wars had not increased appreciably; the drastic rise in the number of ongoing wars after World War II was a result of the tripling of the average duration of civil wars to over four years. This increase was a result of the increased number of states, the fragility of states formed after 1945, the decline in interstate war, and the Cold War rivalry. Following World War II, the major European powers divested themselves of their colonies at an increasing rate: the number of ex-colonial states jumped from about 30 to almost 120 after the war. The rate of state formation leveled off in the 1980s, at which point few colonies remained. More states also meant more states in which to have long civil wars. Hironaka statistically measures the impact of the increased number of ex-colonial states as increasing the post-WWII incidence of civil wars by +165% over the pre-1945 number. While the new ex-colonial states appeared to follow the blueprint of the idealized state centralized government, territory enclosed by defined borders, and citizenry with defined rights -, as well as accessories such as a national flag, an anthem, a seat at the United Nations and an official economic policy, they were in actuality far weaker than the Western states they were modeled after. In Western states, the structure of governments closely matched states actual capabilities, which had been arduously developed over centuries. The development of strong administrative structures, in particular those related to extraction of taxes, is closely associated with the intense warfare between predatory European states in the 17th and 18th centuries, or in Charles Tillys famous formulation: War made the state and the state made war. For example, the formation of the modern states of Germany and Italy in the 19th century is closely associated with the wars of expansion and consolidation led by Prussia and Sardinia, respectively. Such states are considered weak or fragile. The strong-weak categorization is not the same as Western-non-Western, as some Latin American states like Argentina and Brazil and Middle Eastern states like Egypt and Israel are considered to have strong administrative structures and economic infrastructure. Historically, the international community would have targeted weak states for territorial absorption or colonial domination or, alternatively, such states would fragment into pieces small enough to be effectively administered and secured by a local power. However, international norms towards sovereignty changed in the wake of WWII in ways that support and maintain the existence of weak states. Weak states are given de jure sovereignty equal to that of other states, even when they do not have de facto sovereignty or control of their own territory, including the privileges of international diplomatic recognition and an equal vote in the United Nations. Further, the international community offers development aid to weak states, which helps maintain the facade of a functioning modern state by giving the appearance that the state is capable of fulfilling its implied responsibilities of control and order. The formation of a strong international law regime and norms against territorial aggression is strongly associated with the dramatic drop in the number of interstate wars, though it has also been attributed to the effect of the Cold War or to the changing nature of economic development. Consequently, military aggression that results in territorial annexation became increasingly likely to prompt international condemnation, diplomatic censure, a reduction in international aid or the introduction of economic sanction, or, as in the case of 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, international military intervention to reverse the territorial aggression. Similarly, the international community has largely refused to recognize secessionist regions, while keeping some secessionist self-declared states such as Taiwan in diplomatic recognition limbo. While there is not a large body of academic work examining the relationship, Hironakas statistical study found a correlation that suggests that every major international anti-secessionist declaration increased the number of ongoing civil wars by +10%, or a total +114% from 1945 to 1997. The diplomatic and legal protection given by the international community, as well as economic support to weak governments and discouragement of secession, thus had the unintended effect of encouraging civil wars. There has been an enormous amount of international intervention in civil wars since 1945 that served to extend wars. While intervention has been practiced since the international system has existed, its nature changed substantially. It became common for both the state and opposition group to receive foreign support, allowing wars to continue well past the point when domestic resources had been exhausted. Superpowers, such as the European great powers, had always felt no compunction in intervening in civil wars that affected their interests, while distant regional powers such as the United States could declare the interventionist Monroe Doctrine of 1821 for events in its Central American backyard. However, the large population of weak states after 1945 allowed intervention by former colonial powers, regional powers and neighboring states who themselves often had scarce resources. On average, a civil war with interstate intervention was 300% longer than those without. When disaggregated, a civil war with intervention on only one side is 156% longer, while intervention on both sides lengthens the average civil war by an addition 92%. If one of the intervening states was a superpower, a civil war is extended a further 72%; a conflict such as the Angolan Civil War, in which there is two-sided foreign intervention, including by a superpower, would be 538% longer on average than a civil war without any international intervention. Effect of the Cold War The Cold War provided a global network of material and ideological support that perpetuated civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states, rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support. Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro- or anti-communist forces lasted 141% longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars. Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92% or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars. Lengthy Cold War-associated civil conflicts that ground to a halt include the wars of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua . See also The Logic of Violence in Civil War War of Independence Wars of national liberation References

Dougy :: Free Essay Writer

Dougy Before we look at whether James Moloney effectively uses characterisation to convey Aboriginal issues we must look at the issues themselves. In Dougy, the issue of black and white prejudice is strongly present in the plot. The stereotyping of Aborigines and white Europeans play an important role in the events and the outcome of the story, as is individuality and the breaking of the stereotypes. The book also touches on the old Aboriginal superstitions that are still believed in by some today, though one of such superstitions plays an important role in creating the mood of the resolution. These issues impact most heavily on the character Gracey. Possibly the most important factor in Dougy is the racial prejudice and stereotyping between the Aborigines and the white Europeans. All the complications and obstacles the main characters encounter, especially Gracey, are due to these issues. In the remote country ton setting of the book, the whites all feel that the Aborigines do not do their part for society but still get more benefits from the Government than anyone else. The anger that the whites feel at this so-called ‘unfairness’ that has been held back bursts free when Gracey receives a chance to compete in the state athletics championships. All the children at the local school were celebrating on the school bus the first day, but the white children divided themselves from the blacks the next, because their parents feel that Gracey had an advantage because she was Aborigine. â€Å"It just didn’t make sense that it all changed so quickly, over just one night†¦ Abo kids knew there was something wrong a nd all the time they waited for the bus, the black kids stood together in one spot and the white kids in another.† From this quote we can see that the rift between blacks and whites has been widened because Gracey is talented enough to run in the state championships. Similarly, the blacks feel dominated by the whites, who, in their minds, own everything. This concept is conveyed by the characterisation of Gracey’s brother, Raymond. The stereotype is evident through his speech, â€Å"Whities will still be in charge, tellin’ us what to do. Everything will still be theirs, even the footy†¦ I’m fed up with being black. I hate it.† Though the stereotyping and alienation is strong in Dougy and Gracey’s community they manage to break away from it. The whites feel that the Aborigines get everything free from the government and never do any work of their own, and according to the book, most of them do just this.

Holmes

Herman Webster Midget was the first American serial killer the terrorized Chicago in the late sass's, yet he was a slave to his own mind and his own disorders. Herman, who Is also famous as H. H. Holmes had two personality disorders that drove him to commit the actions that he committed. Evidence shows that Holmes had personality disorders Like narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. H. H Holmes shows signs of antisocial personality disorder in many ways. To begin with, Midget started at an early age torturing animals (CNN).He used to be afraid of actors but one day he had an experience with a skeleton and after that he was changed forever. Also in his famous castle there was remains of bodies in the basement with pure evidence of torture. It is evident that Dry. Holmes tortured these young women with no evidence of any remorse. (How Stuff Works). Dry. Holmes himself that he was slowly and slowly turning into the devil since he didn't feel any remorse o r anything of such towards his victims (H. H. Holmes; Master of Illusion, chapter 17).The treatment for antisocial personality disorder Is very tricky but usually most actors use operant conditioning-rewarding the good actions and punishing the Illegal ones-(Notational Library of Medicine). Of course such treatment was not present In the time of Dry. Holmes so he had no way of getting help. Another personality disorder Dry. Holmes had was narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissistic personality disorder is when a person has an inflated self image and inflated goals that he will stop at nothing to achieve them.This was the case with Midget, as a matter of fact, Herman killed his con-partner in order to perfect a con on an insurance company to get some extra money. H. H. Holmes; Master of Illusion, chapter 3). Having shown that he doesn't really care about his friend or anyone he supposedly had an emotional attachment with, he proved that he has narcissistic personality disorder. T his might be caused by his father's beating to him and his abuse. The only way to truly treat that Is through talk therapy so he can try to form deeper connections with people he should be familiar Walt(Notational Library of Medicine).Again, this kind of treatment wasn't available in the time of Dry. H. H. Holmes so he had no opportunity to seek help. Some people might argue that Dry. Midget had a form of fetishism paraphernalia since he picked out his victims to be young blonde women. Thyrotrophic, or attraction you hair could have been the reason for his choice of victims (Right Diagnosis). The treatments of this include psychoanalysis, hypnosis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, drug therapy(Relight Diagnosis). It's very unclear whether he had this disorder or not. All In all Dry. H H Holmes had a lot of personality disorders that led him to become the monster he was.

Myths And Reality Of Crime Essay

a. Imagine asking 100 strangers to describe a criminal. Predict whether those descriptions would be likely to focus on street criminals, or the variety of topics covered in this video. With everything that’s going on nowadays I would say that it’s a combination of both, although it is more likely that those 100 strangers will choose the street criminals. Most people don’t know too much about the white collar or corporate crimes until it happens and maybe because it something that affects them or they think will in the future. b. Describe how society defines crime. Do not provide a definition – instead, explain how the definition is reached. Society defines crime in different ways. What that mean is some people see crime as someone who violates the law. Killing, stealing and raping someone are some of the things that people and society defines as a crime behavior that violates law. It can be defined through laws, through official police reports of crime, or through victimization surveys of persons who have been involved in crime but perhaps not involved with the police department. c. Discuss how society decides what to define as a crime. Society decides that crime is defined as an unlawful act that to the state is punishable by jail time. Society also thinks that crime modern criminal law does not have a simple or universally definition when it comes to criminals, although there have been different definitions that some people have been using for centuries that they believe is form of crime. The most popular thing that people view as a crime is if it’s declared by a relevant and applicable law. Another way that society defines crime is that a when an offence is an act that’s harmful not only to an individual person but also to a the community, society and the state as what they think is a public wrong. d. Present a clear statement about a particular crime, something we know to be absolutely true. Illustrate how we know that this is an accurate statement. The Atlanta Child Murders, known as the â€Å"missing and murdered children cases was murders that was committed in my home state of Atlanta, Georgia, beginning in the summer of 1979 and going on until the spring of 1981. Over the two-year period there were 28 African-American children, adolescents and adults that were killed. During this time many parents were keeping a close eye on their children or just keeping them indoors in order to keep them safe. I know because I was one of those children who had their parents keep them indoors during that time. We were only allowed outside to go to school, and our parents walked us to and from the bus every day to make sure that we were safe. Schools were also taking precautions too; either keeping the students in the schools or making sure that no child was left alone. It has been said that a native of Atlanta, Wayne Williams, who was 23 years old when the last child was murdered was arrested and convicted of two of the adult murders. It i s aid that the murders started on July 21, 1979 with the last being on March 12, 1981. In 1979, Edward Hope Smith and Alfred Evans were both 14 and disappeared four days apart. It was said that they were the first victims with the last victim being a 27 year old named Nathaniel Cater. e. Present an example of a widely held myth or misconception about crime and society. Determine how we know that this is a myth. Explain why this myth is so difficult to abandon. Myth 1: Mass murderers snap and kill indiscriminately. That’s not true. What I have found out is that Mass murders carefully plan out their attacks, months in advance. Myth 2: Mass shooting are on the rise With all the school shootings happing today, is it no reason why people are saying that mass shootings are on the rise and people wanting there to be some kind of solution to the mass killings. Myth 3: Violent entertainment, such as video games and movies are linked to mass murders. I believe that there are some games that can lead to mass murders. Myth 4: Restoring the federal ban on assault weapons will prevent these horrible crimes. I think that when the ban on military-style assault weapons expired in 1994 it should have been restored. Having this ban will not stop all the killings but it can slow them down. Myth 5: Increasing physical security in schools and other places will prevent mass murders. Although increasing security in schools is a good idea and it being said that it may cut down on the mass murders that’s going on in the world today, if a killer wanted to kill a large group of people he will find a way around all the protection that people are putting up these days, the security is not going to stop him. References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3zuAbqY6Hw https://secure.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=47476&aid=18596&loid=137445&Plt=FOD&w=320&h=240

50 Pieces of Stephen Kings Greatest Writing Advice - Freewrite Store

50 Pieces of Stephen Kings Greatest Writing Advice - Freewrite Store Over his decades-spanning career, Stephen King has written an astounding 54 novels that have sold over 350 million copies. His work has been adapted into films, miniseries, television shows, comic books, video games, and more. It is no wonder Stephen King's writing advice is so frequently sought after. King has the unique ability to make readers feel every emotion on the spectrum: love, joy, rage, terror, disappointment, and sorrow. When he talks about writing, aspiring authors should sit up and pay attention. As writers, we want to make people cry, laugh, and wipe their sweaty palms on their shirts so they can better grip their books. Stephen King has mastered this. Though he’s an incredibly gifted writer, King shed blood, sweat, and tears to get where he is today, and was gracious enough to share his advice in his book,  On Writing- a must-read for aspiring and established authors - as well as multiple interviews and appearances throughout the years. His advice is the no-bullshit version of all those rejection letters writers receive, probably because King got a truckload himself.  As he put it, â€Å"By the time I was fourteen the nail in my wall would no longer support the weight of the rejection slips impaled upon it. I replaced the nail with a spike and went on writing.† In his own words, here is Stephen King's greatest writing advice: On Getting Started  1. The Scariest Moment  2. Starting Out in the Industry  3. Writing Short Stories On the Writing Process  4. The Best Advice He Ever Got  5. Avoiding Distractions  6. Starting the Day Writing  7. The Process  8. Write Like Yourself  9. Go Where the Story Leads You  10. Make Stories About People  11. Break Up Thoughts  12. Kill Your Darlings  13. Avoid Too Much Backstory  14. The Purpose of Symbolism On Grammar and Parts of Speech  15. Don’t Sweat the Grammar  16. Passive Sentences  17. Sentence Fragments  18. Avoid Adverbs  19. Grammar is Simple  20. Two Types of Verbs On Description  21. Don’t Over-Describe  22. Keep It Simple  23. A Learned Skill  24. Again, Don’t Over-Describe On Reading  25. Read A Lot  26. Duplicating the Effect of Good Writing  27. The Purpose of Book Genres  28. Technology and the ‘Death’ of Books  29. The Importance of Literacy  30. Good People On Inspiration  31. Amateurs Vs. Professionals  32. On New Ideas  33. Love it  34. Fulfillment  35. Perseverance  36. Take Risks!  37. Getting Happy  38. A Way Back to Life  30. Your Job is to Show Up  40. A Support System  41. Talent Renders Rehearsal Meaningless  42. Don’t Wait for the Muse On Editing  43. Rewrite  44. Finding Cultural and Thematic Implications  45. Reality in Fiction  46. Doors On Telling the Truth  47. Rudeness  48. Bad Writing  49. Don’t Let Others Shame You  50. The Most Important Things Are the Hardest to Say On Getting Started 1. The Scariest Moment "The scariest moment is always just before you start. After that, things can only get better." 2. Starting Out in the Industry "You don't always have to take the editor's advice. Sometimes the way you see it is the way it should be. I assume that every writer was a lot smarter and a lot craftier than I was. That turned out not to be the truth." 3. Writing Short Stories "The novel is a quagmire that a lot of younger writers stumble into before they’re ready to go there. I started with short stories when I was 18, sold my first one when I was about 20 and produced nothing much but – well I wrote a couple of novels but they were not accepted and a lot of them were so bad that I didn’t even bother to revise them, but the short stories were making money and I got very comfortable in that format. And I’ve never wanted to leave it completely behind." On The Writing Process 4. The Best Advice He Ever Got "It boils down to what Satchel Paige said: 'Don’t look back, something might be gaining on you.' There will be people who like what you do and people who don’t. But if they’re picking over the last thing and you’re working on the next thing, that’s all yours." 5. Avoiding Distractions "It's pure habit. I write from probably 7:30 till noon most days. I kind of fall into a trance. It's important to remember that it isn't the big thing in life. The big thing in life is being there if you're needed for family or if there's an emergency or something. But you have to cut out the unimportant background chatter. That means no Twitter. That means not going to  Huffington Post  to see what Kim Kardashian is up to. There's a time for that – for me, it's usually before I go to bed. I find myself sitting hypnotized and looking at videos of funny dogs, that kind of thing." 6. Starting the Day Writing "I wake up. I eat breakfast. I walk about three and a half miles. I come back, I go out to my little office, where I've got a manuscript, and the last page that I was happy with is on top. I read that, and it's like getting on a taxiway. I'm able to go through and revise it and put myself –  click  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ back into that world, whatever it is. I don't spend the day writing. I'll maybe write fresh copy for two hours, and then I'll go back and revise some of it and print what I like and then turn it off." 7. The Process "For me the fun of writing novels isn’t in the finished product, which I don’t care about. There’s a guy over there looking at all the books on my shelf and to me those are like dead skin. They’re things that are done, but I love the process." 8. Write Like Yourself "I love D.H. Lawrence. And James Dickey's poetry, Émile Zola, Steinbeck... Fitzgerald, not so much. Hemingway, not at all. Hemingway sucks, basically. If people like that, terrific. But if I set out to write that way, what would've come out would've been hollow and lifeless because it wasn't me." 9. Go Where the Story Leads You "When I started [Salem’s Lot] I thought to myself, 'Well, this will be the opposite of Dracula where the good guys win and in this book the good guys are gonna lose and everybody’s gonna become a vampire at the end of the book.' And that didn’t happen. Because you go where the book leads you." 10. Make Stories About People "I think the best stories always end up being about the people rather than the event, which is to say character-driven." 11. Break Up Thoughts "You might also notice how much simpler the thought is to understand when it's broken up into two thoughts. This makes matter easier for the reader, and the reader must always be your main concern; without Constant Reader, you are just a voice quacking in the void." 12. Kill Your Darlings "Kill your darlings, kill your darlings, even when it breaks your egocentric little scribbler’s heart, kill your darlings." 13. Avoid Too Much Backstory "The most important things to remember about backstory are that (a) everyone has a history and (b) most of it isn’t very interesting." 14. The Purpose of Symbolism "Symbolism exists to adorn and enrich, not to create an artificial sense of profundity." On Grammar and Parts of Speech 15. Don’t Sweat the Grammar "The object of fiction isn't grammatical correctness but to make the reader welcome and then tell a story." 16. Passive Sentences "Two pages of the passive voice- just about any business document ever written, in other words, not to mention reams of bad fiction- make me want to scream. It’s weak, it’s circuitous, and it’s frequently tortuous, as well. How about this: 'My first kiss will always be recalled by me as how my romance with Shayna was begun.' Oh, man- who farted, right? A simpler way to express this ideasweeter and more forceful, as wellmight be this: 'My romance with Shayna began with our first kiss. I'll never forget it.' I'm not in love with this because it uses with twice in four words, but at least we're out of that awful passive voice." 17. Sentence Fragments "Must  you write complete sentences each time, every time? Perish the thought. If your work consists only of fragments and floating clauses, the Grammar Police aren’t going to come and take you away. Even William Strunk, that Mussolini of rhetoric, recognized the delicious pliability of language. 'It is an old observation,' he writes, 'that the best writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric.' Yet he goes on to add this thought, which I urge you to consider: 'Unless he is certain of doing well, [the writer] will probably do best to follow the rules.'" 18. Avoid Adverbs "The other piece of advice I want to give you before moving on to the next level of the toolbox is this:  The adverb is not your friend. Adverbs, like the passive voice, seem to have been created with the timid writer in mind. With the passive voice, the writer usually expresses fear of not being taken seriously; it is the voice of little boys wearing shoe polish mustaches and little girls clumping around in Mommy’s high heels. With adverbs, the writer usually tells us he or she is afraid he/she isn’t expressing himself/herself clearly, that he or she is not getting the point or the picture across." 19. Grammar is Simple "One who does grasp the rudiments of grammar find a comforting simplicity at its heart, where there need only be nouns, the words that name, and verbs, the words that act." 20. Two Types of Verbs "Verbs come in two types, active and passive. With an active verb, the subject of the sentence is doing something. With a passive verb, something is being done to the subject of the sentence. The subject is just letting it happen. You should avoid the passive voice." On Description 21. Don’t Over-Describe "In many cases when a reader puts a story aside because it 'got boring,' the boredom arose because the writer grew enchanted with his powers of description and lost sight of his priority, which is to keep the ball rolling." 22. Keep It Simple "One of the really bad things you can do to your writing is to dress up the vocabulary, looking for long words because you're maybe a little bit ashamed of your short ones." 23. A Learned Skill "Good description is a learned skill, one of the prime reasons why you cannot succeed unless you read a lot and write a lot. It’s not just a question of how-to, you see; it’s also a question of how much to. Reading will help you answer how much, and only reams of writing will help you with the how. You can learn only by doing." 24. Again, Don’t Over-Describe "I’m not particularly keen on writing which exhaustively describes the physical characteristics of the people in the story and what they’re wearing... I can always get a J. Crew catalogue... so spare me, if you please, the hero’s 'sharply intelligent blue eyes' and 'outthrust, determined chin.'" On Reading 25. Read A Lot "If you want to be a writer, you must do two things above all others: read a lot and write a lot. There's no way around these two things that I'm aware of, no shortcut." 26. Duplicating the Effect of Good Writing "You cannot hope to sweep someone else away by the force of your writing until it has been done to you." 27. The Purpose of Book Genres "As far as I’m concerned, genre was created by bookstores so that people who were casual readers could say, 'Well, I want to read romances.' 'Well, right over there, that’s where romances are.' The thing about genre is, so many people are like little kids who say, 'I can’t eat this food because it’s touching this other thing.'" 28. Technology and the ‘Death’ of Books "The book is not the important part. The book is the delivery system. The important part is the story and the talent." 29. The Importance of Literacy "Reading is more than a door opener to a better job. It’s cool, it’s a kick, it’s a buzz. Plain old fun. Non-readers live just one single life. It may be a good one, it may be a great one, but a reader can live thousands. Sometimes when the right book falls into the right pair of hands, it lights a fire that leads to others." 30. Good People "You know what I like? When I go into someone’s house and ask to use the bathroom and see a bunch of books beside the commode. When I see that, I know I’m with my peeps, you know what I’m sayin’? People who read on the toilet, as far as I’m concerned, good people." On Inspiration 31. Amateurs vs. Professionals "Amateurs sit and wait for inspiration, the rest of us just get up and go to work." 32. On New Ideas "Particularly in the Horror genre there are only three or four good ideas and we’ve all done them before. And it’s really – okay, I mean like, how many times in your life have you eaten eggs? But there’s always a new way to fix eggs and, you know, I look at it that way. You can always find a new way to do it. I think there are as many ideas as there are probing talented minds to explore those ideas." 33. Love it "I did it for the pure joy of the thing. And if you can do it for joy, you can do it forever." 34. Fulfillment "I’ve written because it fulfilled me. Maybe it paid off the mortgage on the house and got the kids through college, but those things were on the side – I did it for the buzz... You can approach the act of writing with nervousness, excitement, hopefulness, or even despair – the sense that you can never completely put on the page what’s in your mind and heart. You can come to the act with your fists clenched and your eyes narrowed, ready to kick ass and take down names. You can come to it because you want a girl to marry you or because you want to change the world. Come to it any way but lightly. Let me say it again: you must not come lightly to the blank page. " 35. Perseverance "Stopping a piece of work just because it's hard, either emotionally or imaginatively, is a bad idea. Optimism is a perfectly legitimate response to failure." 36. Take Risks! "Try any goddamn thing you like, no matter how boringly normal or outrageous. If it works, fine. If it doesn't, toss it." 37. Getting Happy "Writing isn't about making money, getting famous, getting dates, getting laid, or making friends. In the end, it's about enriching the lives of those who will read your work, and enriching your own life, as well. It's about getting up, getting well, and getting over. Getting happy, okay? Getting happy." 38. A Way Back to Life "Writing is not life, but I think that sometimes it can be a way back to life." 39. Your Job is to Show Up "Let's get one thing clear right now, shall we? There is no Idea Dump, no Story Central, no Island of the Buried Bestsellers; good story ideas seem to come quite literally from nowhere, sailing at you right out of the empty sky: two previously unrelated ideas come together and make something new under the sun. Your job isn't to find these ideas but to recognize them when they show up." 40. A Support System "It starts with this: put your desk in the corner, and every time you sit down there to write, remind yourself why it isn't in the middle of the room. Life isn't a support system for art. It's the other way around." 41. Talent Renders Rehearsal Meaningless "Talent renders the whole idea of rehearsal meaningless; when you find something at which you are talented, you do it (whatever it is) until your fingers bleed or your eyes are ready to fall out of your head. Even when no one is listening (or reading or watching), every outing is a bravura performance, because you as the creator are happy. Perhaps even ecstatic." 42. Don’t Wait for the Muse "Don't wait for the muse. As I've said, he's a hardheaded guy who's not susceptible to a lot of creative fluttering. This isn't the Ouija board or the spirit-world we're talking about here, but just another job like laying pipe or driving long-haul trucks. Your job is to make sure the muse knows where you're going to be every day from nine 'til noon. Or seven 'til three. If he does know, I assure you that sooner or later he'll start showing up." On Editing 43. Rewrite "I cannot emphasize the importance of rewriting." 44. Finding Cultural and Thematic Implications "In terms of work, once I sit down to write and I’m in the story, all that falls away. I’m not thinking about cultural implications, I’m not thinking about genre, I’m not thinking about any of those things that have to do with what critics would talk about when they analyze fiction - all those things go away. But they only go away in the first draft. And then you put stuff away. When you come back to it, you read it and you say, these are the important things, this is where lightning struck for me. Those are almost always things that are cultural and thematic, and I just try and highlight those." 45. Reality in Fiction "You can never bend reality to serve the fiction. You have to bend the fiction to serve reality when you find those things out." 46. Doors "Write with the door closed, rewrite with the door open." On Telling the Truth 47. Rudeness "If you expect to succeed as a writer, rudeness should be the second-to-least of your concerns. The least of all should be polite society and what it expects. If you intend to write as truthfully as you can, your days as a member of polite society are numbered, anyway." 48. Bad Writing "Bad writing is more than a matter of shit syntax and faulty observation; bad writing usually arises from a stubborn refusal to tell stories about what people actually do―to face the fact, let us say, that murderers sometimes help old ladies cross the street." 49. Don’t Let Others Shame You "I have spent a good many years since―too many, I think―being ashamed about what I write. I think I was forty before I realized that almost every writer of fiction or poetry who has ever published a line has been accused by someone of wasting his or her God-given talent. If you write (or paint or dance or sculpt or sing, I suppose), someone will try to make you feel lousy about it, that's all." 50. The Most Important Things Are the Hardest to Say "The most important things are the hardest things to say. They are the things you get ashamed of because words diminish your feelings – words shrink things that seem timeless when they are in your head to no more than living size when they are brought out." BONUS:          More Resources: "The Last Word: Stephen King on Trump, Writing, Why Selfies Are Evil" - Rolling Stone   "The Blue-Collar King: An Interview with Stephen King" - LA Review of Books "Stephen King, The Art of Fiction" - The Paris Review "Stephen King talks about his writing process" - Bangor Daily News And most importantly, On Writing by Stephen King.

Word Choice Hoard vs. Horde - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Hoard vs. Horde Word Choice: Hoard vs. Horde Although they may sound the same when spoken, hoard and horde have distinct meanings. As such, mixing them up in your writing will look bad. But you can avoid confusion by learning their definitions and usage. Hoard (A Stockpile) The word hoard can be used as either a verb or a noun. As a verb, hoard means to accumulate and store a stockpile of something for future use. This will usually be something valuable and therefore closely guarded, such as a hoard of treasure: The mad king hoarded gold, determined to keep it all to himself. Sometimes, hoarding has a negative meaning, especially if the thing being hoarded is considered worthless or unpleasant: The old man would hoard old newspapers, keeping them in his basement. We can also use hoard as a noun to refer to a stockpile that has been collected and guarded. We would use it in a sentence like this: The pirate returned to the hidden cave to retrieve his hoard of stolen booty. Horde (A Mob or Crowd) Horde is a noun meaning a large group or crowd. It originally described nomadic warrior tribes, but it is now more commonly used to refer to large, rowdy groups of people: A horde of drunken baseball fans crowded onto the subway carriage. As well as describing groups of people, we can apply horde to swarms or packs of animals, especially wasps, mosquitoes, and other flying insects: A horde of mosquitoes ruined the picnic. Remember not to confuse horde with herd in this context, as herd is simply the group name for hoofed mammals. Hoard or Horde? Although these terms sound similar, theyre different enough in meaning that it should be easy to tell them apart. Remember: Hoard (verb) = To collect or stockpile something Hoard (noun) = A collection or stockpile Horde (noun) = An unruly mob If you would like more advice about word choice, or to have a 500-word sample of your work proofread for free, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed today!

Sociology (see question in the sources or references box) Term Paper

Sociology (see question in the sources or references box) - Term Paper Example (Redda, Walker and Barnett, 1989, p.1) Drug abuse is also known as substance abuse or chemical abuse. Drug abuse interferes with the health of an individual and also causes hindrance to the normal functioning of a person in the society. The concept of drug abuse should not be confused with drug misuse. The difference between drug abuse and drug misuse is that the former involves intake of inappropriate substances whereas the latter means taking of prescribed drugs in inappropriate proportion. (Redda, Walker and Barnett, 1989)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of cross-sectional studies have shown that the experimentation of drugs begins in the adolescent years and reaches its peak between the age of 18 and 22. It has also been found that the use of drugs is surprisingly more among the minority youth population. A lot of focus has been provided to the drug abuse among the youth because drug abuse among the young people can cause a number of problems like, school dropouts, family dysfunction, truancy, delinquency, poor performance in the school and exhibition of unconventional behaviors in the form like drinking, taking of risks and early sexual activity. (Kopstein, 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article, â€Å"Canada now a major drug player: Report†, the issue which has been discussed was that Canada has become a major player in the world market of drugs. A bulk amount of drug seizure has taken place in Canada in the year 2007. And the article also reported that the motor cycle gangs were mostly engaged with the drug marketing in Canada which gives us evidence of the fact the participation of the youth in drug abuse are increasing in Canada and it is becoming a social problem in the country. (Lake, 2009)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ontario should continue to fight menace of Marijuana† is an article which debates that it would be profitable for Canada to legalize

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Unilever was one of the first to recognize the importance of strategic knowledge management, having accumulated extensive evidence on its development and implementation in a wide organizational context. The idea of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer is central for the whole paper. The literature on strategic knowledge management identifies these two key processes to be major components of knowledge management process. Both significantly influence organisation’s success. â€Å"All managers must manage knowledge. Knowledge must not only be gained, but shared throughout the organization. This ability to create and transfer knowledge will be the key to competitive success† (Higgins & Vincze, 1993). Both knowledge creation and transfer became even more indispensable to companies operating in modern global markets, as knowledge management and accelerated innovation emerged to be crucial success factors for global competition in the 21st century. (Cumming & Wilson, 2003 ) Von Krogh, Nonaka & Aben (2001) identified that the primary purpose of knowledge creation is to advance the company’s potential of creating innovation and to reduce the time span to the market success of new products / services introduced by the company. Usually knowledge creation is pursued using small-sized groups of 5-15 specialists that actually develop collective tacit knowledge through an extensive experience and discussion of new business processes, products, use of technologies, etc.

Security Threats and Defenses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security Threats and Defenses - Essay Example It is therefore the responsibility of any success oriented organization to enlighten its employees on the underlying security threat. An ethical, well goal oriented team is always desired. Information security is a major concern to all organizations. It ought to be part of every organization’s internal controls and operations. These controls ought to be internalized in a way that the employees are made to realize that violation of security puts them at a greater risk. These services to make employees feel their loyalty is crucial to the success of the business. In addition, information security need be given priority and adopted as a distinct value in any institutional culture governing staff behavior. It is therefore necessary to review security policies by offering training forums to employees. Another way of promoting security is by way of regularly reviewing security guidelines to ensure they are relevant an in line with the expected performance. Communication between the management and the employees ought to be health for security purposes. This aids in that employees can report underlying identified security threats before they occur. Healthy communication patterns not only boost security, but also save the company from incurring unnecessary costs arising from security compromises. Fraudsters have devised many forms of interfering with the security systems of organizations. For instance, there has been intensive use of ignorance of controls by employees. This occurs in organizations where employees think some process are long and bureaucratic and hence, want a quick way out of it. Ignorance is no defense as it compromises the security of an organization (Hadnagy, 2011). It also occurs where employees are not well briefed on internal controls and information security patterns of an organization. Proper security training need to be impacted on the employees to avoid embarrassment when sensitive and confidential information is

What led to the development of postmodernism in architecture

What led to the development of postmodernism in architecture Post modernism was devised from its previous movement, modernism and first began to emerge around the states of America in the 1960s but really took off around the early 1970s when it came to England and Europe and became a movement. It still continues to influence modern architecture today. The most obvious design traits can be seen in architecture; features that best represent this style include bold, visual exteriors, designs that are functional yet contain architectural characteristics that have been seen before but combining these with exciting, colourful, fresh designs. An example of this is the Portland building; Oregon designed by Michael Graves. (See Fig.1) This block of government offices built in 1980 has a very decorative exterior and has become an icon of Post modernism. Post modernism came about when modernist views were being rejected by many people and architects although there where still some whom where in favour of the current modernist ideas, yet still recognized the need for further development within this style to take place as the world fast continued to modernise around them, this saw the beginnings of Postmodernism. This quote from Michael Graves gives his view on how modernism designed everything to be machine like, which worked, although buildings should be made decorative and not so set in the modernist ways: While any architectural language, to be built, will always exist within the technical realm, it is important to keep the technical expression parallel to an equal and complementary expression of ritual and symbol. It could be argued that the Modern Movement did this, that as well as its internal language; it expressed the symbol of the machine, and therefore practiced cultural symbolism. But in this case, the machine is retroactive, for the machine itself is a utility. So this symbol is not an external allusion, but rather a second, internalized reading. A significant architecture must incorporate both internal and external expressions. The external language, which engages inventions of culture at large, is rooted in a figurative, associational and anthropomorphic attitude.1 In this quote Graves refers to the modernist movement and how they designed their buildings to be like machines, extremely clean, sleek and purely functional with no needless design features. His view is not to think that the inside of a building should be run as a machine but to think of the building as a whole and to think outside the modernists clean cut lines and un decorative architecture. Unlike the modernist architecture previous to this movement the post modernism architecture is usually quite ornamental, new but also borrowing some features from the past, such as bringing colour back into architecture which taken away for modernist era. There is quite a lot of rivalry between the two movements, modernists strongly believe in form follows function, their architecture showing functional, formalized shapes and spaces, where post modernists believe in not necessarily form over function but making their functional buildings a lot more visually dynamic and I suppose more of an experience. There is no true reality not even your own2 This is a saying from the late 90s which reflects post modernists views. They felt you need to question reality and think outside the box where as the modernists believed in questioning authority, their thinking that if people looked into why things are designed the way they are and the truth is to be discovered then tradition would be questioned. The postmodern architecture features shameless aesthetics different from anything before, they have a more organic feel and stand out. The post modern era also found the use of different materials being used with in architecture than before, whether it be the colour or the specification of the material that was to be desired. The two main materials used in postmodern architecture are stone and glass. The stone is bold and comes in a very wide range of colours, which stuck to the postmodernist ideas. The glass was used a lot especially in America and large city buildings, office blocks and skyscrapers such as Le 1000 de la Gauchetiere in Canada, its the tallest skyscraper in Montreal. (See fig.2) This was built a bit later on, in 1992 but still shows strong postmodern values. For example the distinctive triangular copper roof and four copper capped entrances at each of the tower base corners. The structural core is constructed from concrete and steel and the exterior consists of glass in a metal frame. The form used in postmodern buildings is also very contemporary, the building function is still important for the designers but compared to the modernist buildings the forms, shapes and look of the buildings are almost there for the designers sake, not for any specific reason other than good aesthetics. As I said before there is almost a collision of beliefs between the two movements, though most of the dislike at the time was focused towards the post modern architecture as the modernist architectures such as Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius had put the belief into the people that a building that was almost wholly based on function was the best way. So when post modern architects such as Frank Gehry, Robert Venturi and Eero Saarinen started designing buildings that where thinking outside the slick, functional, simple design box of modernism and completely aesthetical and almost quite wacky there was quite an uproar and possibly a confusion as people started t o question what was right for the future of architecture? Were the new buildings functional enough and would the new buildings stand the test of time? As the people began to accept the more complex designs of the post-modern world the buildings began to become popular and more and more architectures began to come round to the idea. In todays architecture you can clearly see the inspiration from these initial designs and that architects and designers have turned modernist ideas on their head, by carrying on the idea of aesthetically pleasing designs and almost having more fun with their design rather than just focusing on the function. So how exactly did Postmodernism come about? Well as I have just confirmed the strongest link/lead to postmodernism was obviously the modernist designs lack of decoration, but I also looked at some other factors that could have lead to the development of postmodern architecture. As is well known, the lead to postmodernism was when people started to reject the views of the modernist movement, though how did this come about? And why did people start to reject the modernist ways? The rejection of modernism first came from architects In their works. In Europe Aldo Rossi documented his views of the current art movement, while in America Raunch and Scott Brown expressed similar views on the need for development of the modernist architecture. Though the most influential change came from the work of Robert Venturi. He famously wrote the book Complexity and Contradiction in architecture in 1966 which attacked the modernism of international style, with his strong views on his dislike for modernism. In the writing he replaces Miles van der Rohes (a modernist architect) modernist phrase less is more with : less is a bore. Blatant simplification means bland architecture This quote is just a brief look to his views in the piece, he continues throughout rejecting the moral, clean cut ways of modern architecture for elements that are more a blend of features than pure. Frank Gehry seems to be a name that frequently appears when investigating post modernism architecture. His Designs were very contemporary, bold and different to what had been seen before. He denied that his work was post modernist or that it even fit into any category other than something totally new. This would not happen with a modernist architect as; although the designs are different all modernists buildings tend to have the same features, sleek and following function so much that there is not a lot of individuality between the designs. Where as post modernist architecture is all so decorative and ornamental that each design is unique. Just by looking at a few of Frank Gehrys designs you can definitely tell that they are individual although they do fit in with the post modern category his architecture has moved beyond the modernist era being based on geometric and organic forms. As Gehry says himself : Not every person has the same kinds of talents, so you discover what yours are and work with them. Dont try to be me, or try to be Frank Lloyd Wright, or try to be I M Pei. Try to be yourself. You have to understand what drives people to build buildings. 4 One of Gehrys most creative pieces that represent this is The Frederick R Weisman Art Museum at the university of Minnesota, 1993(See Fig 3). The University officials chose Frank Gehry to design the teaching museum for the campus because of his attention to needs of people that use his buildings and his unique stunning designs. The museums exterior is constructed of amazing, sticking shapes made from brushed stainless steel on one side over looking the Mississippi river creating an abstract image of a waterfall and a fish. The other side of the building is on the side of the campus and blends in with the existing sandstone and brick buildings by using terra cotta coloured bricks. Frank Gehry was also commissioned to design an expansion to the building that was meant to have been completed in 2009 though due to financial reasons it will be built by next year. This shows that post modernism continues to inspired designers today and is still popular. An example of an architect that is continuing post modernism design to todays architecture is Santiago Calatrava. Born in 1951 when the postmodern movement was just starting to come about, Calatrava grew up with the organic architecture from the era. Obviously heavily inspired by it he has continued post modernism on in his own works. He has designed many buildings, which are very well known such as the Museum of tomorrow in Rio de Janerio in Brazil and Liege Guillemins TGV station in Belgium. La Rioja, Bodegas Ysios in Spain is one of his designs, which is not so famous though still unique, and particularly show his postmodernism inspiration (See Fig 4). This building is situated amongst vineyards in Spain where la Rioja Alavesa wine is produced, the company wanted a building that would store the made wine and be a place where guests can test the wine. The design definitely meets the criteria and is very functional; there is separate part for the storing of the wine, making it and a tasting area. Although this could have been enough just in a plain rectangular building but in true post modernist style he has also added some amazing design features, the main feature is that the roof, it continues the shapes of the surrounding hills, creating a wavy organic shape. The material he has used for the roof design is aluminium panelling, which reflects the sunlight making it look even more special contrasting with the calm vineyard surrounding. I have researched the lead to post modern architecture and touched on how it has affected modern design today. Now to conclude this essay I will some up my findings of what led to post modernism in architecture. Post modernism first emerged in the 1960s and became a movement in the early 1970s, its routes stemmed from its previous movement, modernism. Modernists had a very strong belief in form follows function, their views where that a building should be purely functional and machine like which worked well but didnt leave a lot of an imagination for design features and all the buildings began to have a lot of the same features. In the 1960s some architects began to recognise this and voiced their opinions in their written works, which made people realize that designs could be a bit more exciting. The most influential architect in this realisation was Robert Venturi, in his well known writing complexity and contradiction in architecture he strongly expressed his dislike for modernist architecture, stating that less is a bore and that buildings do not have to be all about function, they can still be functional and have design features. This contributed to the lead to post modernism. One of the architects I found whos name kept appearing when looking at post modern architecture is Frank Gehry. His designs are functional but with amazing design features using organic forms and patterns to shape the buildings. As is with most post modernist architecture different organic and bold shapes are a big feature of the building making every design unique unlike the similar designs of the modernist era. Although Gehry do es not class his buildings to be post modernist or in fact fit into any category, his designs are definitely fitting with the era and he seems to share the same views as the post modernists. Buildings like Frank Gehrys continue to influence designers today such as Santiago Calatrava whos modern day designs very much resembles that of post modernist architecture. Part II Book review on: 20th Century Architecture by Jonathan Glancey The 20th Century Architecture explores the roots of modern architecture and explains how the history and the ever-changing social and political conditions helped shape and build the world we live in today. In this book, as the foreword states, by writing the book Jonathan Glancey attempts to achieve informing the reader of an introduction to architecture of the 20th Century, not to cover every aspect of the subject, as he says himself, The subject is very vast and no book can realistically cover the entire history of the twentieth century architecture. If I could it would either be too heavy to carry or else set in such a tiny type that it would be unreadable. This quote also I think captures the way the book is written, very informative yet quite light hearted. The book covers 8 of movements of 20th century architecture: Arts and Crafts, Classicism, organic, Modernism, Post-Modernism, Robotic, Cities and Futures. Each movement has a its own section which is started by a page for a brief explanation of the movement then examples of architecture significant to that time. Each piece of architecture has its own page with a full colour photo to show what it looks like and a section about the designer and the building, why it was built and how it relates to the movement and others in that time. I found the book easy to read, and was able put down at any time and pick back up from where I left off. I particularly like the no jargon take and the fact that you dont have to know an awful lot if anything on architecture or the history of the 20th century. The book is very informative if you read the whole thing or if you just flick to a specific section you are interested in. I originally did this but found that I wanted to read on further. This is as Jonathan Glancey intended as would most authors, wanting to get the attention of the reader and want to read on from their own will, as he says in the book: If this makes you want to find out more then it has done its job. If it encourages you to want to be an architect then good luck. I think he has definitely achieved his original intentions for the book. I borrowed this book from the local library but I would definitely consider buying a copy to keep as a reference book. From reading and sourcing from other architectural books, I think this fits in to the subject very well. Id says it is more aimed at students, people who are interested in architecture and starting architectures. I dont think the book would be so suitable for experienced architects and architect fanatics as it informs you of buildings and architects that this group would probably already know of, thought the may still find it informative about the movements and to find out when the movements happened and why. Over all I think this is a good book and deserves the positive comments it has picked up from press and other readers.