“Eleanor Rigby” by The Beatles Essay

â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† is an original song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the one of the most famous bands of all time, the Beatles. The song was about the indistinct story of a woman named Eleanor Rigby who lived a heartrending and desolate life. The still and hollow life of Eleanor Rigby seemed to have followed her after her death as the song depicts the absence of people – neither her family nor friends – during Eleanor’s funeral. Lennon and McCartney wrote, â€Å"Eleanor Rigby died in the church, and was buried along with her name, nobody came. † This particular line suggests the silent passing of Eleanor Rigby – that is, as if she never existed when she was still alive, and when she died, her name got lost in the sea of people who were born and have died without leaving any sign of their existence. In general, Eleanor Rigby represents all the lonely people in the world who suffer the same emptiness and insignificance. Considering the structure and the content of the song â€Å"Eleanor Rigby,† it may be classified as a ballad for various reasons. The defined characteristics of a ballad fit the structure and content of the song. For one, the song tells a story (â€Å"Characteristics of a Ballad†), although indistinct, about the unpretentious life of Eleanor Rigby and the involvement of Father McKenzie in her interment. The indistinctiveness of Eleanor Rigby’s story entails the reading between the lines and the direct interpretation and assumption of her life and how Lennon and McCartney related it to the sea of lonely faces that live and die not knowing who they are, what they’re supposed to do, and such. Second, the story of Eleanor Rigby is told through simple, uncomplicated language (â€Å"The Ballad). One can easily deduce what her life was all about, although the meaning necessitates a deeper look and understanding, the main idea of the song is clearly understood from the lyrics. Other features of the song that match its categorization as a ballad includes its dramatic and somber tone, the direction of the first few lines of the song which directly takes the reader or the listener toward cataclysm, and the focus of the song which is on a particular situation or experience. (â€Å"Characteristics of a Ballad†) The feeling of loneliness and sadness is felt throughout the song, from the first line to its last. The repetitive tone of being abandoned and deserted is reflected leaving behind a depressive and sad state of mind. (Price) Next, the first line, â€Å"Ah, look at all the lonely people,† smashes directly into the catastrophic or tragic motif of the song – that is the lonely life of Eleanor Rigby, and her seeming demise even before her actual bereavement. The focus of the song is on her life and how it relates to other lives that are plagued by uselessness and non-existence. The more specific features of the song that are readily observable, depicting its inclination to become categorized as a ballad, has something to do with the repetition of the lines throughout the song (â€Å"The Ballad†), particularly the following lines: â€Å"all the lonely people, where do they all come from, all the lonely people, where do they belong. † In addition, the song was written on a third-person perspective, such that the author does not interfere with the events in the story constituting the song. The life of Eleanor Rigby was narrated in such a way that the author is identified as an observer or spectator. (â€Å"The Ballad†) Through the basic and observable characteristics of the song, one can classify it as a ballad. From the narrative tone of the song, to the uncomplicated or simple use of language in depicting the story, from the dramatic tone of voice, to the direct theme of catastrophe and tragedy, the repetition of various lines, the third-person perspective, and the single focus of the song, which is on the life of Eleanor Rigby and every other individual she represents, everything comes together to form a lyrical ballad which is meant to be sang revealing various emotions of clarity. s Works Cited â€Å"The Ballad. † (N. D.) Retrieved from Grinell. 11 December 2008. . â€Å"Characteristics of a Ballad. † (N. D. ) Retrieved from Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 11 December 2008. . Price, Richard. (2008). â€Å"REVEALED: The Haunting Life Story Behind One of Pop’s Most Famous Songs†¦ Eleanor Rigby. † Retrieved from Associated Newspapers Ltd. 11 December 2008.

Female Sex Offenders

Years ago sex offenders were majorly male. In fact it was unheard of for a female to even be thought of as a sex offender. Today we hear of more women being arrested for molestation, incest, and other sex crimes. All too often teachers are being found guilty of having relationships with their underage students. Female sex offenders have not gotten as much attention as male sex offenders. It is because of this that the offenders cannot be studied as thoroughly as males. Incest is a common crime among female sex offenders. Often these women are abused themselves. â€Å"Women who molested children independently were more likely than women who molested with an accomplice to have been severely molested themselves prior to age 10† (Lawson, 332). The male children are often embarrassed and do not always tell anyone about the abuse, and it is not uncommon for them to feel guilt about what is happening to them. Females tend to choose younger boys within their own families, perhaps to them it is a safer choice. Female offenders are not often violent towards their victims. The females often have problems with social relationships. â€Å"The families of the girls were described as dysfunctional and chaotic† (Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik, 406). The females are quiet and withdrawn often isolating themselves from the rest of the world. They have problems with fellow classmates and sometimes have issues showing physical aggression as well. In some cases women begin having suicidal ideations, depression, and try self-mutilation (Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik, 406). The females that commit sex crimes also have a higher chance of having a drug problem or becoming an alcohol abuser (Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik, 407). When treating female sex offenders physicians need to concentrate not only on the offense but the reasons behind these offenses. These women are often abused themselves. They also need help with their other mental issues. The overall psychiatric problem needs to be addressed. â€Å"Unique interventions for female sexual offenders must include consideration for gender issues such as heir sexual and physical development, intimacy, and social skills, self image, self-esteem, impulsivity, and common societal expectations of girls to be the caregiver-nurture. † (Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik, 411). Female sex offenders are usually victims themselves. All too often their crimes go unreported. Whether it is because the victims feel guilty or because the victims think it is natural for such things to happen. Regardless, the female perpetrators s hould be studied too higher extent. Studies should be done to determine why these women are committing such heinous crimes.

Short Run and Long Run

A2 Markets & Market Systems Short Run and Long Run Production|   | As part of our introduction to the theory of the firm, we first consider the nature of production of different goods and services in the short and long run. The concept of a production functionThe production function is a mathematical expression which relates the quantity of factor inputs to the quantity of outputs that result. We make use of three measures of production / productivity. * Total product is simply the total output that is generated from the factors of production employed by a business.In most manufacturing industries such as motor vehicles, freezers and DVD players, it is straightforward to measure the volume of production from labour and capital inputs that are used. But in many service or knowledge-based industries, where much of the output is â€Å"intangible† or perhaps weightless we find it harder to measure productivity * Average product is the total output divided by the number of units of the variable factor of production employed (e. g. utput per worker employed or output per unit of capital employed) * Marginal product is the change in total product when an additional unit of the variable factor of production is employed. For example marginal product would measure the change in output that comes from increasing the employment of labour by one person, or by adding one more machine to the production process in the short run. The Short Run Production FunctionThe short run is defined in economics as a period of time where at least one factor of production is assumed to be in fixed supply i. e. it cannot be changed.We normally assume that the quantity of capital inputs (e. g. plant and machinery) is fixed and that production can be altered by suppliers through changing the demand for variable inputs such as labour, components, raw materials and energy inputs. Often the amount of land available for production is also fixed. The time periods used in textbook economics are somewhat arbitrary because they differ from industry to industry. The short run for the electricity generation industry or the telecommunications sector varies from that appropriate for newspaper and magazine publishing and small-scale production of foodstuffs and beverages.Much depends on the time scale that permits a business to alter all of the inputs that it can bring to production. In the short run, the law of diminishing returns states that as we add more units of a variable input (i. e. labour or raw materials) to fixed amounts of land and capital, the change in total output will at first rise and then fall. Diminishing returns to labour occurs when marginal product of labour starts to fall. This means that total output will still be rising – but increasing at a decreasing rate as more workers are employed.As we shall see in the following numerical example, eventually a decline in marginal product leads to a fall in average product. What happens to marginal product is linked directly to the productivity of each extra worker employed. At low levels of labour input, the fixed factors of production – land and capital, tend to be under-utilised which means that each additional worker will have plenty of capital to use and, as a result, marginal product may rise.Beyond a certain point however, the fixed factors of production become scarcer and new workers will not have as much capital to work with so that the capital input becomes diluted among a larger workforce. As a result, the marginal productivity of each worker tends to fall – this is known as the principle of diminishing returns. An example of the concept of diminishing returns is shown below. We assume that there is a fixed supply of capital (e. g. 20 units) available in the production process to which extra units of labour are added from one person through to eleven. Initially the marginal product of labour is rising. * It peaks when the sixth worked is employed when the mar ginal product is 29. * Marginal product then starts to fall. Total output is still increasing as we add more labour, but at a slower rate. At this point the short run production demonstrates diminishing returns. The Law of Diminishing Returns | Capital Input| Labour Input| Total Output| Marginal Product| Average Product of Labour| 20| 1| 5|   | 5| 20| 2| 16| 11| 8| 20| 3| 30| 14| 10| 20| 4| 56| 26| 14| 20| 5| 85| 28| 17| 20| 6| 114| 29| 19| 20| 7| 140| 26| 20| 0| 8| 160| 20| 20| 20| 9| 171| 11| 19| 20| 10| 180| 9| 18| 20| 11| 187| 7| 17| Average product will continue to rise as long as the marginal product is greater than the average – for example when the seventh worker is added the marginal gain in output is 26 and this drags the average up from 19 to 20 units. Once marginal product is below the average as it is with the ninth worker employed (where marginal product is only 11) then the average will decline. This marginal-average relationship is important to understanding the nature of short run cost curves.It is worth going through this again to make sure that you understand it. Criticisms of the Law of Diminishing ReturnsHow realistic is this notion of diminishing returns? Surely ambitious and successful businesses do what they can to avoid such a problem emerging. It is now widely recognised that the effects of globalisation, and in particular the ability of trans-national corporations to source their factor inputs from more than one country and engage in rapid transfers of business technology and other information, makes the concept of diminishing returns less relevant in the real world of business.You may have read about the expansion of â€Å"out-sourcing† as a means for a business to cut their costs and make their production processes as flexible as possible. In many industries as a business expands, it is more likely to experience increasing returns. After all, why should a multinational business spend huge sums on expensive research and development and investment in capital machinery if a business cannot extract increasing returns and lower unit costs of production from these extra inputs? Long run production – returns to scaleIn the long run, all factors of production are variable.How the output of a business responds to a change in factor inputs is called returns to scale. * Increasing returns to scale occur when the % change in output > % change in inputs * Decreasing returns to scale occur when the % change in output < % change in inputs * Constant returns to scale occur when the % change in output = % change in inputs *    A numerical example of long run returns to scale| Units of Capital| Units of Labour| Total Output| % Change in Inputs| % Change in Output| Returns to Scale| 20| 150| 3000|   |   |   | 0| 300| 7500| 100| 150| Increasing| 60| 450| 12000| 50| 60| Increasing| 80| 600| 16000| 33| 33| Constant| 100| 750| 18000| 25| 13| Decreasing| In the example above, we increase the inputs of capital and labour by the same proportion each time. We then compare the % change in output that comes from a given % change in inputs. * In our example when we double the factor inputs from (150L + 20K) to (300L + 40K) then the percentage change in output is 150% – there are increasing returns to scale. In contrast, when the scale of production is changed from (600L + 80K0 to (750L + 100K) then the percentage change in output (13%) is less than the change in inputs (25%) implying a situation of decreasing returns to scale. As we shall see a later, the nature of the returns to scale affects the shape of a business’s long run average cost curve. The effect of an increase in labour productivity at all levels of employment Productivity may have been increased through the effects of technological change; improved incentives; better management or the effects of work-related training which boosts the skills of the employed labour force. |

Violence and politics can hardly be separated Essay - 1

Violence and politics can hardly be separated - Essay Example While some authors and writers dispute the necessity of engaging in violence to get or maintain political power, there are those who contend that there can be no achievement of political power without violence. In this sense, therefore, violence is a significant part of political violence. For this reason, this paper will present an argument to ascertain whether violence plays any significant role in politics. It is an evident fact that violence and politics cannot be separated. This is because of the way that violence is considered to be a significant economic power. With it, it is possible to eliminate any chances of colonial regime within the society. As such, an oppressed society can work well using violence to ensure that it gives its citizens the much desired right to be free and safe. Most of the time, violence has been considered to be an intrinsic factor in the realm of politics. This is also the feeling that is experienced towards violence by the public. However, it is supposed to be conducted in a particular manner that brings about the desired benefits. Without this, then it turns out not to be justifiable and undesirable in politics as well as to the general public. In order to understand the important role of violence in politics, it is imperative to realize that there is a major difference between violence and force. Although the two terms might seem to be interchangeable, they are highly distinct in their nature. This can be evidenced by the Indian anti-colonial movements in India. They were non violent but as they are envisaged by Mohandas Gandhi they were displayed through the use of full force. In the same way, there were the non violent but forceful civil rights movements that were led by Martin Luther King Junior in the United States. A major distinction is shown with the majority of the civil wars, which have cracked most of the African countries in the recent past. They also include the urban

Organisational Behaviour Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisational Behaviour - Coursework Example The control policies should respond to the changing business environment. Our seminar question dealt with analyzing the control activities of News International-News of the world. The organisation was established in 1843 and is the largest selling English Language newspaper in the world. It is a subsidiary company of News International and the chief executive officer is Rebekah Brooks. The organisational behaviour has made the organisation lose its public image due to poor control procedures and numerous complains from the public (Williams, 2011). The control environment encompasses the overall attitudes, awareness and actions of the management regarding the importance of control in the organisation. The management styles, values and organisational culture will provide the platform on which controls in the organisation are operated. The organisation can implement either centralized or decentralized control strategies (Griffin 2012). A centralized control strategy entails a high hiera rchy, many formal rules and procedures and standardized policies. On the other hand, decentralized control strategy is characterized by less formal procedures and decentralized decision making. Some of the control strategies include market control, bureaucratic control and clan control. News International relied mainly on gossip in exposing celebrity scandals, and the target market was the younger generation. They used unethical means in obtaining information like hacking mobile phones and stalking the celebrities. The organisation soon attracted a negative image by being nicknamed News of the Screws. Control measures usually focus on the output and behaviour of employees in the organisation. Acceptable behaviours will improve organisational outputs while output controls will maintain the quality of outputs through minimizing errors and customer complaints. The agency theory of control asserts that the â€Å"principal will determine the work the agent performs† (Pfister 2009: 23). The agent should act in the best interests of the principal. News of the World was an agent of the shareholders. The management ignored the interests of the shareholders by conducting their business activities in an unethical manner. News of the World experienced a conflict of interest since the journalists were also under pressure to satisfy the needs of the customers thus increasing the market share of the newspaper. The management should have provided the employees with more meaningful jobs and not hacking celebrity phones. The organisational culture should also respect people rights to privacy. The cybernetic model of control is geared at aligning the individual goals with the organisational

Advertising Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advertising Paper - Essay Example ommercial media advertising can bring out the unique taste and natural additives such as fruit nuts differentiating the product from other chocolate brands. Starbucks coffee is a branded product that can be differentiated through advertisements based on hidden differences. Starbucks coffee may look and taste the same as any other brand, but the unique preparation recipe of artificial sweeteners different. The combination of social media, internet, and out-of-home advertising can be used to inform the consumer on the unique recipe to achieve the hidden difference of Starbucks coffee. Wall Street Network Solution provides telecommunication services that can be differentiated through advertisements based on induced differences. Each telecommunication offers similar services, but Wall Street Network Solution has sponsored and helped financial institutions grow making it unique from similar service providers offering networking services. Advertising campaigns and special event sponsorships can be used to portray the induced differences in that the service is not only focused on only providing networking services to the financial community, but also provide support. Additionally, support provided by the service feature in most newspapers forming a part of advertising that indicate favorable publicity; hence, most consumers would choose the service given its uniqueness bringing about induced

HLS-Response and Recovery Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HLS-Response and Recovery - Case Study Example There are numerous events that can cause emergency situations: fires, floods, hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes, winter storms, hazardous material incidences, civil disturbance, communications failures, radiological accidents or explosions of any kind (FEMA, 2011). Emergency response and recovery are just two of the components of emergency management. Emergency management is defined by FEMA as â€Å"the process of preparing for, mitigating, responding to and recovering from an emergency†. The response and recovery strategy for organizations should be designed for the benefit of everyone in the organization. The strategy should also support business continuity. Response of an emergency involves mobilizing all the emergency services and first responders to the area that has been hit by an emergency. In the response phase, some of the core emergency services that come in handy include ambulance, firefighters and police. If need be these services may receive support from specialis t rescue teams, it all depends on the type and severity of disaster. The response plan should have the following components: planning, reviewing, training and testing (Department of Homeland Security, 2011). For the response to be successful, the organization would need to prepare an emergency plan that also needs to be well rehearsed. This does help in enhancing the efficiency of the coordination of the rescue mission. While responding to an emergency situation, it is important that the organization maintains both discipline and agility. This, when combined with the formation of a functional leadership rescue team, makes containment of the situation very easy and efficient (Gigliotti and Jason, 1991). A disciplined and agile team involved in response activities within an organization can easily adapt to any changes in the emergency situation and still carry out their rescue mission successfully. The other part of the emergency management strategy of any organization after response is recovery. The main goal of this phase is the restoration of the organization back to its previous state. Unlike response, recovery efforts are focused on addressing the immediate needs of the organization after the rescue mission is complete. Recovery therefore deals with the issues and decisions that will have to be made in order to ensure that the organization’s operations return to normal, or to how they were before disaster struck. Recovery efforts may include the rebuilding of destroyed property and facilities, repair of infrastructure and re-employment (Maniscalso and Christen, 2002). Recovery efforts should always aim to reduce the risks that led to the disaster. For the recovery efforts to be successful, they need to be well planned and executed. What are the key plan components that should be periodically updated? Evacuation plans An organization’s emergency plan needs to be updated regularly in order to conform to the current needs. Reviewing the emergency evacuation plans is one way of ensuring that the response measures that are in place are as current as possible. For instance, if a company expands or changes its facilities, its evacuation plans also need to change to reflect the changes that have occurred. If the company happens to increase its workforce, the emergency evacuation plans will need to be re-evaluated to accommodate the increase in the number of employees.

Quantitive analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitive analyse - Essay Example There appears very strong linear relationship between income and age, as the data points lie (cluster) around a straight line. There appears very week (or no) linear relationship between income and degree. However, the scattergraph is inconclusive, as there are two values for degree Arts (0) and Science (1), only. In a bivariate regression, R2 is a measure of the correlation coefficient r. Correlation coefficient value near 0 indicates there is little (or no) association between the two variables and a value near 1 indicates a strong association between the two variables (Lind, Marchal and Wathen, 2009). Using correlation coefficient, R2 can be calculated as below The regression slope coefficient of 0.771 suggests that every year increase in fulltime-employed adult’s age increases income by about  £771, on average. The regression intercept coefficient of 4.860 is not meaningful in the context of this problem because there will be no employee with 0 years age. The value of coefficient of determination, R2 is 0.9797. This suggests that fulltime-employed adult’s age explains about 97.97% variation in income. Only 2.03% variations in income remains unexplained. The regression slope coefficient of -2.35 and intercept coefficient of 37.71 suggests that Science degree decreases fulltime-employed adult’s income by about  £2,350 as compared to Arts degree. Arts fulltime employed adult’s income is  £37,710, on average. The value of coefficient of determination, R2 is 0.0183. This suggests that fulltime-employed adult’s degree only explains about 1.83% variation in income and 98.17% variations in income remains

African American film genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

African American film genre - Essay Example Long before John Crow's laws,white Americans had already a pre-conceived view of black people as inferior,which helped them justify slavery.After all they were unable to learn English and spoke Pigeon English,another proof that blacks were not intelligent. From the 1620s, blacks were stereotyped and the emergence of minstrel shows in the 1840s only helped in branding even more this misconception, (Davis) and introducing black caricatures, portrayed by white actors with black-make-up, as the coons, the toms, and the mammies at first, and later on followed by the mulattoes and the bucks. The first movie ever where African Americans appear was screened in 1898, where it showed black soldiers in the Spanish-American war. But it was with the 1903 movie with a black character, Uncle Tom, directed by Edwin S. Porter, a white man, that we can pinpoint the beginning of the American film industry incorporating black characters. Tom was portrayed by a white actor with black make-up. In the movi e, Tom is the typical skinny, middle-aged, desexed slave, totally loyal to his white master, a far cry from the original Tom portrayed in Harriet Beecher Stowe's book Uncle Tom's Cabin, which showed a gentle, kind, and forgiving man. This first portrayal of a black in film sealed even more this misconstrued idea of black inferiority and became a vehicle used to the advantage of whites not only for entertainment but also for economic reasons - advertisement for sellable products -. What no one foresaw then was the planting of the seed of the actual African American film industry with a slew of black actors who "elevated [these roles] and brought to [them] arty qualities if not pure art." (Bogle 23). That was the essence of black film history. When one tries to discuss and describe African American film industry, one cannot help but go back in time and start with the characterization that white people so strongly believed in, leading them to create caricatures of black people in the burgeoning entertainment industry. So, it is impossible not to describe the four categories of stereotypes that kept reoccurring throughout the twentieth century. These four characters were the foundation of the entertainment industry as seen by white producers, who soon came to realize that it was also a tool to instigate war or peace, tolerance and understanding versus discrimination and segregation. The four black figures were the Tom, the Mammies, the Coons, and the Bucks. The Tom, the ever subservient, good-natured, stoic, selfless and loyal to a fault, as seen in Jezebel (1938), Love Thy Neighbor (1940), where Tom was portrayed by Eddie Anderson, Edge of the City (1957), and The Defiant Ones (1958), where Sidney Poitier characters sacrifice themselves for their white friends. The Coons with very black faces, bulging eyeballs and thick red lips, which represented the black buffoon, himself subdivided into two groups, the Pickanny and the Uncle Ramus, "a cousin to Tom. (Bogle 8) Mantan Moreland made the coon character renown from the late 1930s to the early 1970s when "he still [made] cameo appearances"(Bogle 72). The Mammy, usually fat, big and cantankerous, but still sweet and good-tempered, made her first big appearance in 1914's Lysistrata, and was used as the recognizable face on pancake boxes and syrup, but was made famous by Hattie McDaniel in the 1930s (no one can forge t her in Gone with the Wind). Of course, the tragic Mulatto caught between the white and the black world and unable to find her place in neither one of them as portrayed in the 1912 movie The Debt, and the tear-jerker movie Imitation of Life in 1934. Finally, the last of the categories, the Buck, whose introduction in the 1915 racist movie by D.W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation, brought a slew of controversies, was a brute, a liar, a cheat and a rapist. This blatantly anti-black movie that became a propaganda vehicle for the Ku Klux Klan, was also the coup de

Social Media in Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Media in Communication - Essay Example The process of literature review can be said to be an amalgamation of the summaries of the papers or an annotated bibliography of multiple research or the manuscripts of the different eminent scholars and authors. But a meaningful literature review can be defined as the use of ideas in the literature for justifying a particular approach related to the topic. 1.1 Focus on the three audience model The following section presents a literature review on significance of social media with respect to the three audience research technique. The study will be covering the structural, behavioral as well as the cultural aspects of the literature review of the topic in question. The structural dimension will be dealing with the description of composition which is related to the society, its time use as well as the survey and analysis method incorporated within it. The behavioral dimension will direct towards explaining and predicting the choices, reactions as well as effects and the process of sur vey, experiment as well as mental measurement. The cultural dimension will associate the understanding of the meaning of the content received as its use in context, its perception of meaning as well as ethnographic and qualitative analysis. The literature review in this paper centers on the discussion of the significance of social media in the area of communication in the topical times. 1.2 Social media in communication The technological advances of the modern world are standing in the way of transforming as well as disseminating the information to the affected communities in time of a crisis situation. The network communication of the modern world like that of mobile technologies, computers as well as Internet access and digital video equipment are transforming the framework of network communication so that we can connect with each other. Veil et al. (2011) refer that in 2010, Smith in a Pew Internet Study encountered that around one third of the online adults are in the spree of u tilizing social network platforms like that of blogs, social networking sites, online video , text messaging as well as portable digital devices (Veil et al., 2011, p. 110).These media provide a cost effective forum for expressing the formation of ideas as well as stand in the way of offering more opportunities as well as new channels for global outreach in the crisis communication (Veil et al., 2011, p. 110). Veil et al. (2011) also highlight the fact that from the studies of Palen, Vieweg, Sutton, Liu, & Hughes, it is revealed that the onsite as well as online crisis response in the present world are a system of simultaneous inter-linkage and intersection with each other (Veil et al., 2011, p. 110). Social media is at the core of human communication Veil et al. cite Mayfield to portray the fact that the crux of social media is generated from the human communication at its core with the attributes of participation, openness, conversation as well as that community and connectedness. The enhanced technology induces private individuals for becoming source of online information with the sharing opinions, insights, perspectives and experiences with the others (Veil et al., 2011, p. 110). Social networking and organizations Ferreira and du Plessis (2009) referred the studies of Arvanitis and Loukis who have studied the impact of social networking within the productivity of the workers. They executed a comparative study which was based on firm level data for Greece as well as Switzerland (Ferreira & du Plessis, 2009, p. 4). The study revealed that the utilization of ICT in the Greek firms has implemented positive productivity effects and the studies also proved that full productivity was not attained as the capital was not efficiently combined with that of technology (Ferreira & du Plessis, 2009, p. 4). Lin et al. (2012) have observed that the work values are generally stable, intrinsic as well as psychological in nature. The work values

Venus Boyz Essay Example for Free

Venus Boyz Essay In the Euro-American paradigm, the concept of sex, gender and sexuality is highly debated. The society simplifies the gender roles, and branches it out into two categories of: masculine and feminine. Humans learn from the societal norms to behave in ways appropriate to their sex, as it sees gender congruent to the sex of a person. The gender system in the society, seeks to put them in a hierarchical set up, where a man is on the top by default. In such a system, people are prescribed to take up the role of the gender they are assigned by the social system. Men are seen as aggressive, rational, dominant and objective beings who possess power, competency, efficiency and achievement. While women on the other hand are seen as passive, intuitive, submissive and subjective and value love, communication, beauty, and relationship. The idea of dualism that one who appeals and the one with power makes it is easy to describe male- female as a set of opposite traits. In contemporary America, hegemonic masculinity is defined by the physical strength and bravado, exclusive heterosexuality, suppression of â€Å"vulnerable† emotions such as remorse and uncertainty, economic independence, authority over women and other men, and intense interest in sexual â€Å"conquest†. Masculinity is always seen as a form above femininity. Femininity is thus structured around that of masculinity. Its prime feature is its attractiveness to males, the suppression of â€Å"power† and emotions of anger, nurturing children, looking after the household. Masculinity and femininity are the social metaphors of male dominance and female suppression. Woman’s unpaid works of being a home-maker is still devalued, and are prone to get sexually harassed and discriminated on the basis of the work done by women. Society expects men to dominate, and women to suppress, thus gender, significantly, is seen as socially and culturally constructed. There exists different ways in which men can be differentiated from women based on the dress code. However, a woman dressing like a man does not raise questions, as opposed to the male wearing skirts. Society disproves of elements which blur the line between a man and a woman, thus it creates as many distinctions as it can. Language also is seen as a differentiating factor between masculinity and femininity. The pronouns he/she, his/hers, him/her, only present the two extremes. Thus, by defining the two extremes, it implicitly states that they are opposites. Gender is also seen a performance. People are raised to perform a â€Å"certain way†- a girl is raised to be more feminine, and be shy, while a boy is raised to be tough and more masculine. Thus, gender is seen as a social construct, depending on how the person is expected to behave. However, the performance cumulates and takes over the life of the individual, as they are expected to lead themselves in a way that conforms to the society. But, what is ignored is how it could have implications in a certain way that would lead the person into gender inequality- a girl raised up in a feminine way, is highly prone to getting discriminated based on the salary or looked down upon by the man. Sex, defined as the biological characteristics that define a male and a female- hormones, gonads, genitalia, chromosomes, etc., is seen as a very congruent concept to the gender of a person. A person born with a penis is seen evidently as male, and a person born with a vagina, is classified as a female. People have tried to introduce theories and ideas so as to break the two-sex system. The Euro- American paradigm for the intersex child elaborates on its genitals. If the phallus is between 0-1 centimeters, it is accepted as clitoris, and if it is between 3-5centimeters, it is accepted as the penis. However, a phallus ranging anywhere between 2-3 centimeters would account for the surgery. Anna Fausto- Sterling, mentions in her book, Sexing the Body, that if an infant is born with ambiguous genitalia, then the doctors work towards restoring them to â€Å"normal†. And also since it is fairly easy to construct a â€Å"hole† rather than a â€Å"pole†, a biologically born male’s penis is chopped off if it is too small. Thus, sex is also socially constructed, so as to be able to fit into the two binaries available to us. Sexuality in the Euro-American society, does not always mean a male body sexually attracted to a female body. It is seen under three categories: heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality. In the western culture, individual expression is given more importance and this exemplified in the movie Venus Boyz. Venus boyz is the first documentary feature film that fosters visibility and new light on the issue of female masculinity in general, and of drag kings in particular. A legendary Drag King Night in New York is the point of departure for a journey to transgendered worlds, where women become men some for a night, others for their whole lives. Women performance of masculinity has rarely been projected on TV, sitcoms, talk shows, or entertainment. Venus Boyz is highly influenced by the American society at large. The film’s main concerns are related to the problem of stable identity categories and its subversive effects on the so-called natural gender system. Gender: * A gender construction. is how it spins the mystery of gender. * Social concept. * Gender identity. ‘Woman’, ‘man’, ‘masculinity’, ‘femininity’ and so on, are not fixed entities which necessarily comply with the correlative ‘sex/gender system’; rather, these notions form part of an ongoing process by which traditional identity categories can be contested and revisited. Western paradigm- woman are below men. Transgender see them as * Gender is a performance- stated in the film. * Transgender.   * Movie explores female masculinity raises questions about cultural constructions and perceptions of gender. * â€Å"I feel that everyone has a male, female, masculine, and feminine side, but not everyone chooses to explore the other side.† * Gender training. How to act like a man.- male stereotypes * Some of the ladies act out male identities as a way of channeling their male spirit, or creating a third gender other than â€Å"male† or â€Å"female†. They don’t necessarily identify with, or need to make themselves into men. Sex: * biological characteristics that define a man and a woman. Hormones, genetelia, gonads. * Girl talks about Feeling like a man. * The woman with the wig- comes across very androgynous. * Some women strap on dildos as part of their transformation; male-transgender workshop participants pass around a â€Å"faux penis† more supple than customary sex toys. Sexuality: * Female sexuality linked to a woman’s hair, if shaved off, men no longer see that person as sexual. * Relationship between the sexes is on the way to very basic change. No longer concept of reproduction a fundamental aspect of sexuality. * Despie of dressing like a man, desires men, but does not identifies herself as androgynous. Do you think they constitute a third sex and/or gender? No, falls under the continuum of the two binaries.

Academy Award for Best Actor and Legal Issues Essay Example for Free

Academy Award for Best Actor and Legal Issues Essay

History Of The Client Server Architecture

History Of The Client Server Architecture Hures was using mainframe computer system which was having too many disadvantages and running cost. Because of this reason we decided to propose Client server Architecture which is widely used in the global environment. The client server computing model is used most of the business frame. This technology was integrated with those particular companies. It will provide the multi services and huge storage capacity of data base. These systems also handle the difficult GUI progress tools. Hence client server Architecture having disadvantages too. Client Server mainly depends on the network design. If they dont have the proper network design network traffic would make serious problem in the production environment. Therefore i suggest client server architecture is the best way to make the business development to the particular Hures Company. I. INTRODUCTION This assignment will cover the main areas of the computer architecture. I will analysis and compare those system for present technology. How this technologies used to developed the hures company and there services. Normally I identified the two major system used by hures. Those are mainframe computer and client/server system. Mainframe computer, this type of computer how to help the particular company , what is the main usage of this structure, how it will affect the system compare to the new system and disadvantage of that architecture. Then the client server architecture is most famous method for the large companies. How easier and more efficient to manage inventory and track the software. Analysis the advantage and disadvantage and implement the new architecture for cover the current client server system. Hures will suggest using the intranet technology. I will analysis that technology how to help the particular system and how that will effect the system. Also how the intranet software affect the client server system. I identify the problems and I will propose the new architecture instant of client server structure. 1.0. Problem identification There are no unique behaviors to this specific problem because the Hures Company was run past twenty years. Now also it is running but the system is same what ever they have used before like mainframe computer and client server system. The new technology is introducing time to time but that particular company was not change according to that advanced of technology. According to their customer amount there service want be increase but Hures used the old same server system that will get outdated and those are not reorganized and improved with the time period of technology. Here some problem to using main frame computer. 2.0. Main Frame Computer This type of computer normally used by large organizations for there business purpose. Mainframe computer have the capability to run the several operating systems thats mean central processing units performing instruction at the same time this called parallel processing. There are very high volumes of input and output and emphasize throughput to hold the mainframe computers. Also mainframe has carrying out reliability for fault tolerant. 2.1. Classifies of main frame computer system having 1 to 16 CPUS the lie RAM memory range is 128Mb to 8Gb processing power range is 80Mips to 550Mips it contain different types of cabinets such as Storage, input/output and random access memory It has different process for different program such as task supervision, plan management, entertainment in installments, index, and inter address break and statements. 2.2. Advantage of the Mainframe computer the biggest information processing system critical or difficult applications because of multi users its stored enormous amount of data thats mean very big capacity high speed data processing Ex-1GOPS (giga operation per second) this is a characteristic operating system and technology distribution time It will do millions of data and concurrent communication serving thousand of simultaneous users this system normally based on UNIX and Linux operating system 2.3. Disadvantage of main frame computers The whole system needs a large space for the storage capacity and large cabinets that addressed the central processing unit thats mean cryptographic maintain, I/O handling, Memory handling and supervising. The market prize is very expensive compare than other systems. the users using the interface is still text it will work extraordinarily extensive the power utilization is very huge There for hures company faced the problem with main computer because that are very large and it need very big space. Also the maintenance cost is very high and it will generate the lots of heat then the property will getting damaged. 3.0. Client Server System This is sharing application design. This sharing is taking placed between the servers and client thats mean service providers and service requesters. Those are separate hardware rather than computer network. Server is a high routine host and it will run one or more programs in a particular machine, share the resources with clients. But client not share any resources with server but it can be request the resource form sever. Systems are created by assembling independent components, each of which contributes unique, specialized functions to the system as a whole. In the simplest arrangement, client components interact with users and with servers that manage various computing resources. In more sophisticated arrangements, some servers can also be clients of other servers. Clients and servers can use hardware and software uniquely suited to the required functions. In particular, front-end and back-end systems normally require computing resources that differ in type and power. Database management systems can employ hardware specifically designed for queries, while graphics functions can employ memory and computing resources that can generate and display intricate diagrams. [John Dryden, 1998] According to the above statement it said the client sent request the service to the server and server will accept and sent the service response to the client. This processing method is called client server system. 3.0.1. Sample Diagram Of client server system Client server system has three type of model such as 3.0.2. Single /One tire architecture This technology mean by the server will access by user at one time for some particular software application such as to use data, business logic and interface. 3.0.3. Double / Two tire architecture The server will access by client with the help of two layer software application. It has two type application front end this is work together with client, back end- functions are used to store data. The advantages are function development speed, it will well on work on standardize environment reasonably business law, and system security is very difficult on this model. 3.0.4. N/Multi/Three tire architecture The server will access by client with the help of three layers software application such as front end, component, back end. In this model, between the client and server another tire is used its called middleware. This tire function is the transaction processing, massage or application servers also it will manage the queuing, application implementation and database performance. 3.1. Properties of Client Server System Server made a decision what is the client need according to there request and where is stored. independent stage for hardware and operating system location of the server and client will see-through to he users It will work interchange function such client become a server, server become the client. this system has a scalability such as horizontally and vertically 3.2. Type of client server communications socket is this fully support to the unix to unix communication Remote produce cell is client will directly call the distance server Massage oriented middleware 3.3. Advantage and disadvantage of client server system. 3.3.1. Advantage Server is centralization like every thing control by server Scalability, whatever customer need in future sever can upgrade that application. Flexibility, upgrade the new technology Interoperability, client, server and network are work together. Accessibility, the remote and cross multiple access to the server development is easy low cost maintenance compare than mainframe user friendly, every thing Is operate ever easy 3.3.2. Disadvantage Dependability, the server wick damage or down the hole system will down. Lack of mature tools , according to the change of new technology the tools also will change lack of scalability, operating system of the network is not scalable. higher projected cost Network congestion due to the heavy loaded server by traffic. According to the hures client server system there some problem, within the hures infrastructure the range of network and size are not enough to their better services. Also need some additional services such email server and multiple servers to multiple-le applications. Also change the server OS and improve the network connectivity, data transfers and general understanding of the both workstation system. 4.0. Alternative system for client server system The best way is to be selecting the n tire system that is help to implement the hures service. In this manner the system will change their OS and increasing the services to client. Also develop to using peer to peer system to allow more users to share access to database application. This type of connection will improve the scalability of the network and improve the software development. The N tire architecture is face for upgrading system without chaining the back end front end application. In this manner the new technology is introduce such as component based development. This system has some advantage such as according to the customer time to time requirements it is easy to upgrade, created one component will reused for similar application and the creator can using build in interfaces. According that the hures need more customers with better service then the hures server is going to be upgraded such as change the OS system and introduced the new network connection technology like WiMAX, high speed LAN. Change of OS mean by called to reuse the components again with some standards such as Common Object request Broker Architecture Remote Method Invocation The different programming languages are allowed to communicate the both CORBA and RMI standards. 4.1. CORBA Any of the networks the computer application will communicate to work with independent. The standard protocol IIOP is used. This is an inbuilt functionality and fixed system. This will handle large number of clients and more reliability. Also this is real time system and used for large application. It is normally working in the three layers such as presentation, application and Data layers. corba using some protocol such as internet intra object request broker protocol, square socket layer inter object request broker protocol and hyper text intra object request broker protocol. Benefits of CORBA are Language liberty several languages like C++ and java. Portable for any of the operating system such as java, linx, unix, mac, windows and sun. Compatible for all new technology and liberty of data transfer, it will help to multi application process. The architecture of the CORBA Above the diagram describes the structure of CORBA. This is system will help to save the bandwidth and has a three interface such as operation, attribution and exception. There two new versions have been introduced in the market. Which are CORBA version 2.0 and CORBA version 3. Therefore the proposed system was very helpful to improve hures business such a way of improve the technology, quality and supply the multiple services. 5.0. Internet web technology This the internal network of the particular company. This is a protected logons to access information. Many companies like hures, only the employees and management to operate the company essential information using protected site. It was designed a simple programming like HTML, java and cascading style sheet. In this manner inside the company network severs will provided array type of connection to the different saved database. This technology is very helpful for the business development because low cost and saved time. 5.1. Planning and creation of intranet web technology This is a strategic significance of the particular company success on development and achievement. Also hardware and software are help to improve the planning like principle and objective of the intranet the management and realization responsible for who what to make like person or division data construction, role strategy and page layouts Defining the intranet security Controlled the input new data or update the exiting data 5.2. Characteristic of intranet technology Intranet idea and technologies are same as internet. The protocols are same as internet protocols such as HTTP, SMTP and FTP. Main interfaces to inheritance data system hosting corporate information. Intranet has some characteristic This is a better understood as a personal extension of the internet limited to a company This also differenced with extranets. Because intranet only used for employees and customers in inside the company. But extranet may access with clients, contractors and other accepted party. With the help of firewall intranet may provide the gateway to the internet on a network. After some user verification and encryption, the off-site employees can access the company information using virtual private network connectivity. 5.3. How it is use full for an organization It is used as commercial civilization-transform platforms. Discus the key issues, idea about management, productivity, quality and all other issues to the large no employees of that particular company. It is used to distribute the tools and application. It is manage by human resources or CIO departments of the company. It is very complex interface compare to the company public internet. 5.4. Benefits of intranet system Labor force efficiency mean by user can find the information about their roles and duties. Time mean by whatever employee will need they will put in the site. Communication means by to communicate planned proposal that have a global reach throughout the company. Business operation and management mean by developing and planning the application to carry the business. Cost Effective mean by the reduced the coast rather than send the doc by post. Put all necessary documents on the intranet. Promote common corporate culture mean by all clients can see same information. Enhance team work. Immediate updates. 5.6. Intranet strategies The company objectives will achieve to help of hardware and software system. This is a same concept as internet to browse the web and severs and restricted for the particular company. To consult parties who going to be use the intranet system according to their budgeting. According the application it has four types of role. 5.6.1. The role of the intranet system communication and teamwork mean by audio video conferencing, conversation and chat rooms and to operate the email transfers web publishing mean by create the hyperlinked multimedia application and data documents to publish business process and administration mean by processing, controlling and accessing intranet portal management mean by control everything by particular administration 5.7. The pros and cons of the intranet system. 5.7.1. Pros Reduce the cost in this manner company will inform the necessary thing to employees and other, upload in the portal rather than paper printing. Also reduce the sales and promotion, employee preparation and organization costs. Simple to use Economical to use. Reasonable hardware and software system cost The all protocol are support to operate because if internet like TCP/IP, HTML and FTP. Easy to access the Communication and operating intranet system. 5.7.2. Cons According to the rapid technology this not support to the upgrading software. Insufficient security facilities User support and system performance is very poor. The scalability is not effectively. Time consuming. No PC compatibility for all employees This not fully support to the developing organization. 6.0. Effect of intranet web technology over the client server system Intranet technology is an open network system. There no good network security system mean by not protected your company network system. The monitoring and controlling is very difficult because of access on outside sources. Consider the intranet usage in a particular company, if there large number of employees are working in that time everybody to be operate the intranet system. In this time the system was faced some problem such as If user using like that the particular server will get the heavy loaded because all user can request the service from server at the same time then server will able to answer the all request for certain time. Then it will overload. This happen will effect to outside service customer to that particular company. The server must manage to handle that situation by expanding the sever capacity and upgrade the new technology. Like upgrade the OS system. At the same time the server will take time to provide the service for those particular requests. It is normally called server response delay. This will affect the company services to outside. When the server is loaded then the there is the change to hardware crash of that particular system. Such as the hard disk and RAM memory will failure. User will plug their external interfaces to upload the threats/virus. Then is going to be shutdown your whole network system. Its called server down. When all users using at the same time that particular network will get the collision because of traffic. Then outside customer will get the service will receive in delay. The solution of this problem is the company will make sure the monitoring and secure the system. Using CCTV in various places inside the company and monitoring the users and give the priority usage. Then they can maintain the reliability of the company network. II. Conclusion By doing this Assignment I came to understand the Client Server Architecture subject more clearly and got a good experience. I described the client server system to that operational specification, implementation and bad effects. I think those information are very help full for the basic understand of client server system. Also I suggest the alternative system and explain how it will help to work with older system. i thick the hures company will upgrade the system, network connection and turn-into new technology it is very help full for the feature business approach. They reach the more customers and get more profit. III. Reference 1. [John Dryden. 1998] High -Performance client/server, John wiley son, chapter 2 p 29. 2. Retrieved: February 07, 2010 http://www.about-knowledge.com/client-server-architecture-and-types-of-client-server-architecture/ 3. Retrieved: February 07, 2010 vhttp://www.unm.edu/~network/presentations/course/appendix/appendix_k/sld041.htm 4. Retrieved: February 07, 2010 http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/corbafaq.htm 5. Retrived: Februar07, 2010 http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~parashar/Classes/ece451-566/slides/Corba.pdf

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Character of the Reeve Essay -- Reeve

The Character of  the Reeve in Canterbury Tales    In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer’s descriptive technique used to present the Reeve emphasized his physical characteristics as well as the success he attained in his occupation.   It is evident that Chaucer gives two different perceptions of the Reeve, one perception is of his physical makeup and the other is of his success achieved in his occupation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chaucer’s introduction of the Reeve, he immediately begins with the Reeve’s physical makeup, as shown in this excerpt from The Canterbury Tales:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"His beerd was shave as neigh as evere he can;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His heer was by his eres ful round yshorn;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His top was dokked lik a preest biforn;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ful longe were his legges and ful lene,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ylik a staf, ther was no calf yseene (590-594).†   This excerpt shows the attention to detail Chaucer selected to introduce the Reeve.   Chaucer also gives the Reeve a name, which is not commonly done for most pilgrims in The Canterbur... ...w because he does not own the land that he presides over.   Even though he is successful and has gained some wealth through his occupation, he still does not own the property and possessions and therefore cannot attain the higher social status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, Chaucer presents the Reeve in detail uncommon to most of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales.   This detail along with the fact that the Reeve was given a name suggests that the Reeve tends to be more of a   specific individual than a general presentation of a class or type of person.   He also was prosperous in his occupation of superintendent of his master’s estate, and even though he was respected and acknowledged for his accomplishments and wealth, he did not have the high social status because of his lack of land ownership.

An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Essay -- Essays Papers

An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Reliability Windows 2000 Professional is up to 30 percent faster and, according to National Software Testing Labs (NSTL) tests, 13 times more reliable than Windows 98. The operating system is the most reliable version of Windows ever produced. Memory conflicts and missing or altered system files caused many of the system crashes prior to Windows 2000. To put an end to these problems, Microsoft changed Windows 2000 memory management to reduce the chance that software applications will interfere with one another. In addition, Windows 2000 includes a built-in safeguard called Windows File Protection. This feature helps prevent critical operating system files from being deleted or altered by users or applications. Industry studies show that as much as 80 percent of system failures can be traced to human errors or flawed processes. If a system file should be changed or deleted, Windows File Protection can detect the change, retrieve a correct version of the file from a cache, and restore it to the system file folder. The end user never knows the repairs have been made because Windows 2000 just keeps running ( (1)Windows). The following is a list of improvements in Windows 2000. It should be noted that this covers the entire Windows 2000 family (Server, Advanced Server, and Professional). †¢ Improved Internal Architecture: Windows 2000 includes new features designed to protect your system, such as preventing new software installations from replacing essential system files or stopping applications from writing into the kernel of the OS. This greatly reduces many sources of operating system corruption and failure. †¢ Fast Recovery from System Failure: If your system does fail, Windows 2000 includes an integrated set of features that speed recovery. †¢ Improved Code with Developer Tools: Microsoft provided third-party developers with tools and programs to improve the quality of their drivers, system level programs, and application software. These enhancements make it easier for independent software vendors to write dependable code for Windows 2000. †¢ Reduced Reboot Scenarios: Microsoft has greatly reduced the number of operations requiring a system reboot in almost every category of OS fun... ...ss/relavail Asp, Accessed 9 September 2001. 3. Mobile Computing and Windows 2000 Professional, www.mightywords.com, Accessed 15 September 2001. 4. (2) Windows 2000 Professional and Server Score an ‘A’ for Performance and Reliability, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evoluation/ news/external/gigaa.asp, Accessed 9 September 2001. 5. (3) Windows 2000 Professional: Built for Mobile Users, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ mobile/default.asp, Accessed 16 September 2001. 6. (1) Windows 2000 Professional: Most Reliable Windows Ever, http:// www.microsoft .com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business overview/reliable/muchmore, Accessed 9 September 2001. 7. (4) Windows 2000 Professional: Easy to Use and Maintain, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ manage/default.asp, Accessed 21 September 2001. 8. (5) Windows 2000 Professional: Internet Ready, http://www.microsoft.com/ windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/internet/default.asp, Accessed 22 September 2001.

The Military Draft: An Unwise Solution Essay -- Bush Iraq War Afghanis

The Military Draft: An Unwise Solution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States of America's military is currently involved in two major wars with U.S. opposition in Afghanistan and Iraq. All though both of these efforts can be said to be in the clean-up stages, many more soldiers will be needed to stabilize the regions, to provide police work, and to fight the insurgencies that have risen in opposition to the invasion of U.S. troops into foreign lands. The current presidential administration states that to adequately deal with the problems of post-war Iraq and unstable Afghanistan the United States needs to increase the number of active-duty soldiers serving over-seas. Top officials in the administration have said that a reorganization of the military is already in progress, and it will create more combat regiments, but the quoted additional 25,000 new military participants needed per year can hardly be met through these minor reorganizations. In addition, recruiting numbers are at their lowest in over ten years (?All Thing s Considered?, NPR News Source.) Many feel that the reenactment of the military service draft is inevitable because it is the only way to come up with the astounding number of new troops needed to finish the jobs started in the Middle-East by George W. Bush and his Republican administration. If increasing the size of the military is inevitable, then the draft is the wrong way to go. Aside from the moral objections that many Americans have to a draft, there are major logical fallacies in the reasoning that a draft would benefit the military, America, or its interests abroad; therefore, the draft should not be reenacted to increase the number of the United States? combat troops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious problem with a military draft is that it creates soldiers that do not want to go to war. Currently our army is volunteer-only, and no one can be forced to enlist if he or she does not want to. This maintains our army as efficient and dedicated to its goal with its members being committed and personally connected to the well-being of American interests. These voluntary soldiers are the best kind of soldiers because they believe in what they are doing. Generalizing slightly, they are willing to give their lives for this country and the missions that it takes on in the world. If a draft were reenacted, this would not be so. Upon forcing citizens to enlist, ou... ...war in Iraq, if the draft were to be reenacted, the underlying statement by wealthy politicians and businessmen would be that they are willing to sacrifice the lives of the youth at random to maintain their own financial comfort. The draft is an unwise solution to any military endeavor that cannot find the adequate number of troops to fulfill its mission. If people have to be forced to participate in a war, perhaps it was irresponsible to carry it out in the first place without a plan as to how the entire thing would be carried out with the existing military forces. Needing a draft to aid a military campaign also shows that the citizens do not wholly support the cause, because they are not standing up to fight for it. Forcing these people to fight would be disastrous. At home, riots and protesting would ravage the nation and bring to our domestic life a great deal of turmoil. Abroad, soldier morale and ability would be greatly reduced by forcing people who have never been soldiers, and who never wanted to be soldiers, to be soldiers. The draft is therefore an obsolete mechanism of war, and should never be reenacted for the good of our stability, morale, and military strength.

High school Violence Essay

Violence is clustered within a relatively small percentage of locations, with about 60 percent of the violence occurring in 4 percent of the schools. This is about four times higher than would be expected based on national rates of crime. High schools are grouped by the nature and level of crimes occurring in the school. Four patterns emerge from this grouping: 1) No Crime, 2) Isolated Crime, 3) Moderate Crime and 4) Violent Crime. High Schools in each group are described in terms if their student population characteristics, community characteristics, and school violence prevention efforts. The results indicate that the characteristics (size, location, socio-economic make-up) of high-violence schools differ markedly from the other schools. High schools with the highest levels of violence tended to be located in urban areas and have a high percentage of minority students, compares to high schools that reported no crime to the police. They also tended to be located in areas with high social disadvantage and residential mobility. It should be noted, however, that a relatively large minority of the schools in the Violent Crime group were located in rural areas (36%), so that image if school violence is being solely restricted to central cities is not accurate. Proportion of High Schools has High Rates of Violence Analysis of the P-SDSSV revealed that about one in five high schools reported any serious violent crime (e. g. , fights with weapons, robbery) during the 1996-1997 school years. While this statistic gives a global indication of the prevalence of these crimes, it is difficult to judge from these data whether certain schools are disproportionately more likely to have high levels of violence. As long as the rate of violence in schools is greater than zero, one would expect at least some schools to have some violence. There are important implications if violence is clustered within a small number of schools. There may be specific problems in these schools that lead to high levels of serious problem behavior. Issues that arise in these environments may not resemble those in schools with lower rates of crimes. Similarly, there may be unique remedies needed to solve these problems. The types of prevention programs and/or activities that are needed to reduce the violent behavior might have to be tailored to these particular environments. Data provided in Table 1 provides estimates that measure the extent that violence is clustered within certain schools. These data compare the observed and expected number of high schools that reported a specified number of crimes to the police. As this comparison reveals, if serious violent crime had been evenly distributed across all schools, one would expect that about 45 percent of schools (100%-55%=45%) would have reported having this type of crime. Instead, only about 20 percent (100%-80%=20%) of high schools included in the P-SDSSV reported this type of crime. In other words, less than half as many schools experienced serious violent crime as expected. About four times as many schools experienced five or more serious violent incidents as would be expected if crime were evenly distributed across all schools. Similar disparities appear for the other two types of crimes. For attacks without a weapon, approximately 55 percent of the schools reported at least one incident. This was considerably lower than the 88 percent that would have been expected if these incidents were evenly distributed across all schools. for property crime, 67 percent of the schools reported at least one crime, while around 90 percent would have been expected to report this type of crime it were evenly distributed across schools. Table 2 displays an alternative way of looking at the distribution of crime incidents reported to police. This comparison is limited to schools that reported at least one crime. About 60 percent of the violence reported on the P-SDSSV occurred within the small number of schools that reported at least five violent crimes, more than seven times higher than expected. Similarly, about 14 times more schools than expected reported 26 or more attacks without a weapon (43. 4% observed versus 2. 7% expected). And nearly 42 percent of schools reported 26 or more property crimes, almost 7 times as many as expected based on school size alone. As can be seen from the crime rates for each group, the Violent Crime group has relatively high rates of all types of crimes. It has the most violence, with the highest rates of serious violence and attacks without weapon. It also has high rates of property crime. The Moderate Crime group is distinguished by relatively high rates of attacks without a weapon and property crime rates. The Isolated Crime group has relatively low rates of all three types of crimes. It does have a slightly higher rate of serious violence than the Moderate Crime group. However, the rate for both of these groups is extremely low relative to the Violent Crime Group.

Roland Barthes the Death of the Author

The Death of the Author In his story Sarrasine, Balzac, speaking of a castrato disguised as a woman, writes this sentence: â€Å"It was Woman, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling† Who is speaking in this way? Is it the story's hero, concerned to ignore the castrato concealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience with a philosophy of Woman?Is it the author Balzac, professing certain â€Å"literary† ideas of femininity? Is it universal wisdom? or romantic psychology? It will always be impossible to know, for the good reason that all writing is itself this special voice, consisting of several indiscernible voices, and that literature is precisely the invention of this voice, to which we cannot assign a specific origin: literature is that neuter, that composite, that oblique into which every subject escapes, the trap where all identi ty is lost, beginning with the very identity of the body that writes.Probably this has always been the case: once an action is recounted, for intransitive ends, and no longer in order to act directly upon reality – that is, finally external to any function but the very exercise of the symbol – this disjunction occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters his own death, writing begins.Nevertheless, the feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is never undertaken by a person, but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose â€Å"performance† may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his â€Å"genius† The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at the end of the middle ages, with English empiricism, French rationalism and the personal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it more nobly, of the â€Å"human per son† Hence it is logical that with regard to literature it should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded the greatest importance to the author's â€Å"person†The author still rules in manuals of literary history, in biographies of writers, in magazine interviews, and even in the awareness of literary men, anxious to unite, by their private journals, their person and their work; the image of literature to be found in contemporary culture is tyrannically centered on the author, his person, his history, his tastes, his passions; criticism still consists, ost of the time, in saying that Baudelaire's work is the failure of the man Baudelaire, Van Gogh's work his madness, Tchaikovsky's his vice: the explanation of the work is always sought in the man who has produced it, as if, through the more or less transparent allegory of fiction, it was always finally the voice of one and the same person, the author, which delivered his â€Å"con fidence. â€Å"Though the Author's empire is still very powerful (recent criticism has often merely consolidated it), it is evident that for a long time now certain writers have attempted to topple it. In France, Mallarme was doubtless the first to see and foresee in its full extent the necessity of substituting language itself for the man who hitherto was supposed to own it; for Mallarme, as for us, it is language which speaks, not the author: to write is to reach, through a preexisting impersonality never to be confused with the castrating objectivity of the realistic ovelist – that point where language alone acts, â€Å"performs,† and not â€Å"oneself†: Mallarme's entire poetics consists in suppressing the author for the sake of the writing (which is, as we shall see, to restore the status of the reader. ) Valery, encumbered with a psychology of the Self, greatly edulcorated Mallarme's theory, but, turning in a preference for classicism to the lessons of rh etoric, he unceasingly questioned and mocked the Author, emphasized the linguistic and almost â€Å"chance† nature of his activity, and throughout his prose works championed the essentially verbal condition of literature, in the face of which any recourse to the writer's inferiority seemed to him pure superstition.It is clear that Proust himself, despite the apparent psychological character of what is called his analyses, undertook the responsibility of inexorably blurring, by an extreme subtilization, the relation of the writer and his characters: by making the narrator not the person who has seen or felt, nor even the person who writes, but the person who will write (the young man of the novel – but, in fact, how old is he, and who is he? – wants to write but cannot, and the novel ends when at last the writing becomes possible), Proust has given modern writing its epic: by a radical reversal, instead of putting his life into his novel, as we say so often, he m akes his very life into a work for which his own book was in a sense the model, so that it is quite obvious to us that it is not Charlus who imitates Montesquiou, but that Montesquiou in his anecdotal, historical reality is merely a secondary fragment, derived from Charlus.Surrealism lastly – to remain on the level of this prehistory of modernity – surrealism doubtless could not accord language a sovereign place, since language is a system and since what the movement sought was, romantically, a direct subversion of all codes – an illusory subversion, moreover, for a code cannot be destroyed, it can only be â€Å"played with†; but by abruptly violating expected meanings (this was the famous surrealist â€Å"jolt†), by entrusting to the hand the responsibility of writing as fast as possible what the head itself ignores (this was automatic writing), by accepting the principle and the experience of a collective writing, surrealism helped secularize the image of the Author.Finally, outside of literature itself (actually, these distinctions are being superseded), linguistics has just furnished the destruction of the Author with a precious analytic instrument by showing that utterance in its entirety is a void process, which functions perfectly without requiring to be filled by the person of the interlocutors: linguistically, the author is never anything more than the man who writes, just as I is no more than the man who says I: language knows a â€Å"subject,† not a â€Å"person,† end this subject, void outside of the very utterance which defines it, suffices to make language â€Å"work,† that is, to exhaust it. The absence of the Author (with Brecht, we might speak here of a real â€Å"alienation:' the Author diminishing like a tiny figure at the far end of the literary stage) is not only a historical fact or an act of writing: it utterly transforms the modern text (or – what is the same thing – the text is henceforth written and read so that in it, on every level, the Author absents himself). Time, first of all, is no longer the same.The Author, when we believe in him, is always conceived as the past of his own book: the book and the author take their places of their own accord on the same line, cast as a before and an after: the Author is supposed to feed the book – that is, he pre-exists it, thinks, suffers, lives for it; he maintains with his work the same relation of antecedence a father maintains with his child. Quite the contrary, the modern writer (scriptor) is born simultaneously with his text; he is in no way supplied with a being which precedes or transcends his writing, he is in no way the subject of which his book is the predicate; there is no other time than that of the utterance, and every text is eternally written here and now.This is because (or: it follows that) to write can no longer designate an operation of recording, of observing, of representi ng, of â€Å"painting† (as the Classic writers put it), but rather what the linguisticians, following the vocabulary of the Oxford school, call a performative, a rare verbal form (exclusively given to the first person and to the present), in which utterance has no other content than the act by which it is uttered: something like the / Command of kings or the I Sing of the early bards; the modern writer, having buried the Author, can therefore no longer believe, according to the â€Å"pathos† of his predecessors, that his hand is too slow for his thought or his passion, and that in consequence, making a law out of necessity, he must accentuate this gap and endlessly â€Å"elaborate† his form; for him, on the contrary, his hand, detached from any voice, borne by a pure gesture of inscription (and not of expression), traces a field without origin – or which, at least, has no other origin than language itself, that is, the very thing which ceaselessly questio ns any origin. We know that a text does not consist of a line of words, releasing a single â€Å"theological† meaning (the â€Å"message† of the Author-God), but is a space of many dimensions, in which are wedded and contested various kinds of writing, no one of which is original: the text is a tissue of citations, resulting from the thousand sources of culture.Like Bouvard and Pecuchet, those eternal copyists, both sublime and comical and whose profound absurdity precisely designates the truth of writing, the writer can only imitate a gesture forever anterior, never original; his only power is to combine the different kinds of writing, to oppose some by others, so as never to sustain himself by just one of them; if he wants to express himself, at least he should know that the internal â€Å"thing† he claims to â€Å"translate† is itself only a readymade dictionary whose words can be explained (defined) only by other words, and so on ad infinitum: an expe rience which occurred in an exemplary fashion to the young De Quincey, so gifted in Greek that in order to translate into that dead language certain absolutely modern ideas and images, Baudelaire tells us, â€Å"he created for it a standing dictionary much more complex and extensive than the one which results from the vulgar patience of purely literary themes† (Paradis Artificiels). succeeding the Author, the writer no longer contains within himself passions, humors, sentiments, impressions, but that enormous dictionary, from which he derives a writing which can know no end or halt: life can only imitate the book, and the book itself is only a tissue of signs, a lost, infinitely remote imitation.Once the Author is gone, the claim to â€Å"decipher† a text becomes quite useless. To give an Author to a text is to impose upon that text a stop clause, to furnish it with a final signification, to close the writing. This conception perfectly suits criticism, which can then t ake as its major task the discovery of the Author (or his hypostases: society, history, the psyche, freedom) beneath the work: once the Author is discovered, the text is â€Å"explained:' the critic has conquered; hence it is scarcely surprising not only that, historically, the reign of the Author should also have been that of the Critic, but that criticism (even â€Å"new criticism†) should be overthrown along with the Author. In a ultiple writing, indeed, everything is to be distinguished, but nothing deciphered; structure can be followed, â€Å"threaded† (like a stocking that has run) in all its recurrences and all its stages, but there is no underlying ground; the space of the writing is to be traversed, not penetrated: writing ceaselessly posits meaning but always in order to evaporate it: it proceeds to a systematic exemption of meaning. Thus literature (it would be better, henceforth, to say writing), by refusing to assign to the text (and to the world as text) a â€Å"secret:' that is, an ultimate meaning, liberates an activity which we might call counter-theological, properly revolutionary, for to refuse to arrest meaning is finally to refuse God and his hypostases, reason, science, the law.Let us return to Balzac's sentence: no one (that is, no â€Å"person†) utters it: its source, its voice is not to be located; and yet it is perfectly read; this is because the true locus of writing is reading. Another very specific example can make this understood: recent investigations (J. P. Vernant) have shed light upon the constitutively ambiguous nature of Greek tragedy, the text of which is woven with words that have double meanings, each character understanding them unilaterally (this perpetual misunderstanding is precisely what is meant by â€Å"the tragic†); yet there is someone who understands each word in its duplicity, and understands further, one might say, the very deafness of the characters speaking in front of him: this someone is precisely the reader (or here the spectator).In this way is revealed the whole being of writing: a text consists of multiple writings, issuing from several cultures and entering into dialogue with each other, into parody, into contestation; but there is one place where this multiplicity is collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, but the reader: the reader is the very space in which are inscribed, without any being lost, all the citations a writing consists of; the unity of a text is not in its origin, it is in its destination; but this destination can no longer be personal: the reader is a man without history, without biography, without psychology; he is only that someone who holds gathered into a single field all the paths of which the text is constituted.This is why it is absurd to hear the new writing condemned in the name of a humanism which hypocritically appoints itself the champion of the reader's rights. The reader ha s never been the concern of classical criticism; for it, there is no other man in literature but the one who writes. We are now beginning to be the dupes no longer of such antiphrases, by which our society proudly champions precisely what it dismisses, ignores, smothers or destroys; we know that to restore to writing its future, we must reverse its myth: the birth of the reader must be ransomed by the death of the Author.

Beckett vs Satre Essay

Samuel Beckett’s vision of two lowly tramps in the middle of a derelict environment can be placed in direct contrast to the claustrophobic and eternal nightmare presented by Jean-Paul Sartre , but each playwright possessed objectives for their respective audiences and each shared a valued opinion on the theories of existentialism which can be established in the plays Waiting for Godot and No Exit. Beckett introduces the audience into a world of questioning and surrealist virtues and encourages the spectator to actually discuss the play and find the answer within. Sartre, however, presents his play as a placard for the virtues of existentialism and attempts to prove that â€Å"hell is other people†. When being asked about the sources for his ideas or advocating him as a pioneer for the Theatre of the Absurd, Beckett’s replies were often curt or dismissive. The Theatre of the Absurd was a term conceived by the critic Martin Esslin to describe the various playwrights who gave their artistic interpretations believing that human existence is futile and without meaning. According to Beckett himself the Theatre of the Absurd was too ‘judgemental’, too self-assuredly pessimistic: I have never accepted the notion of a theatre of the absurd, a concept that implies a judgement of value. It’s not even possible to talk about truth. That’s the part of the anguish. Sartre, however made his existentialist philosophies quite apparent. With his own theories he collaborated with the Dadaists and Surrealists after the Second World War and achieved to create his own ‘humanist’ way of thinking but with a prominent atheistic outlook. Sartre quoted rather proudly â€Å"L’homme est condamne a etre libre†¦l’homme est liberte. † Loosely translated he proclaims that â€Å"Man is condemned to be free†¦man is freedom. † Sartre firmly believed that man is nothing except his life and that consequently he is fully responsible for his actions. In Sartre’s existentialist world, man is committed to choose his own destiny without the help of any religion whether he wants to or not and he made this philosophy apparent in all of his works, unlike Beckett who used a more cryptic or absurd stance in his plays. With or without the use of absurdist ideals and other forms of the genre Beckett certainly portrayed the human values in his characters and considered the ideas of social conditioning and the existentialist notion of absolute freedom. Of all the ideologies written or philosophised over , existentialism seems to lend a lot of its virtues to Waiting for Godot. Ronan McDonald argues that absurdity and existence are fundamental to Beckett‘s work: There may be more affinity with another association of existentialism and Beckett’s beliefs, namely the idea of ‘absurdity’, though here (too) caution is advised. Without any grounding, without any reason for our being in the world, a certain strand of existentialist thought concludes that life is absurd, disordered and meaningless. The ‘absurd, disordered and meaningless’ which McDonald mentions is evident in the dialogue used in Waiting for Godot. Conversations between the two main characters of Estragon and Vladimir are often erratic and pointless and never seem to resolve at a natural climax. They bounce off each other instigating a retort which is unexpected and prompts an audience to laugh at the scenario with confusing intrigue. The dialogue in No Exit, on the other hand is logical and justified as it relates to the actual settings and situations of the characters. Beckett’s erratic streams of consciousness that materializes from his characters sometimes make no sense and compared to the confronting and direct speech in Sartre’s work, can sometimes be slightly confusing. Sartre’s characters all have a back story which can be deduced and discovered by the dialogue as opposed to the lack of any character history in Waiting for Godot. The audience can conclude that Estragon, Vladimir and Pozzo, although having different character traits, are all just waiting for Godot but do not know for how long or for what reason. Garcin, Estelle, and Inez in No Exit all have different traits, as does Beckett’s characters, but their characters are shaped from past despairs, sexuality or previous happenings in their lives which have evidently placed them in the hellish scenario in which they find themselves. Because of the situation in Sartre’s play, the audience can relate themselves to the characters on an empathetic level and create stronger opinions and less questionable virtues than that of Beckett’s enigmatic trio. The despair and degradation towards many civilians during the Second World War became an established influence in both Sartre and Beckett’s works during their most prolific period of writing after the conflict. The persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi’s occupying Paris and Beckett’s personal actions within the French Resistance seemed to have spawned a firm principle and an underlying subtext within his plays. McDonald makes this apparent when he says: In his post-war career, though his work became ever less connected to a recognisable world, one could say, paradoxically, that it became more political, more shaped by exploitive power relations, edicts handed down from above, secrecy and inscrutability and descriptions of human torment. Many of these influences are indisputable in the relationship between Pozzo and Lucky throughout the first act in Waiting for Godot. During Act I of the play the abhorrent abuse Pozzo extends towards Lucky and the dismissive way in which he converses with the two slightly passive tramps creates a clear power divide between the characters. Beckett reverses the divide when in Act II Pozzo finds himself in distress and the power is redirected to the two tramps. As Pozzo is struggling helplessly on the floor like an up-ended beetle the two tramps, reminded of the chicken bone they received from him the day before, explain: VLADIMIR: He wants to get up. ESTRAGON:Then let him get up. VLADIMIR:He can’t. ESTRAGON:Why not? VLADIMIR:I don’t know. [POZZO writhes, groans, beats the ground with his fists. ] ESTRAGON:We should ask him for the bone first. Then if he refuses we’ll leave him there. VLADIMIR:You mean we have him at our mercy? By using Pozzo as the one in need and the two tramps as the one’s who can help, Beckett creates a pessimistic vision of human needs in a deliciously black pratfall. McDonald agrees when he says: Beckett’s work is notorious for it’s intense preoccupation with pessimism and human suffering, notwithstanding its bleak beauty and darkly acid comedy. Power and conflict can be found aplenty in Sartre’s hellish hotel room as all three characters seem to find themselves guilty of contraventions which have rendered them no better or worse for conscience in the eyes of the audience. Whereas Estragon and Vladimir use repetition and slapstick to form the basis of comic moments, Sartre’s characters use no such implements and keep the play solemn throughout. Garcin is the forlorn sadist, Estelle shrugs off her murderous past by being the conceited love-starved damsel and Inez stalks the room as the inert lesbian. Each character submits their own tales of woe and it is evident that none of them has the patience or understanding to cope with the others because as soon as a bond occurs between two characters, the third intervenes. Having one man and two women in the room (one of them being a lesbian with a keen eye on the other) sexual frustrations boil over to create various power struggles and along with the inept attempts to befriend or belittle and vexed attitudes on their morbid incarceration, the atmosphere becomes a tense hot-bed of conflict with each character in turn venting their grievance towards another. In Frederick Lumley’s New Trends In 20th Century Drama, he states; No love is possible in the presence of the third, no end is possible since the three must be together for eternity , â€Å"neither the knife, poison, rope† can enable them to escape this fact. With this fact constantly put forward by Sartre; the trio’s future looks bleakly endless and this inevitable outcome contributes to the rise in tension and conflict. Lumley continues; The play presents an endless repetition, a study in monotony which, far from being monotonous, is in fact intensely dramatic and most seducing. Beckett’s characters in Waiting for Godot all have their own motives and opinions but all seem to be quashed by the ever present threat of Godot appearing. The characters’ vivid streams of consciousness and erratic conversations take the audience along a confusing and often pointless narrative but Beckett seems to relish this as it makes the spectator question the morals and whole raison d’etre for the piece. Is Godot some sort of religious deity? Are the characters dead and living a life in endless purgatory? Is the story a tale of class and the power struggle that ensues from it? Beckett’s aims can be discussed and divulged for years to come and I believe that there is no one conclusive answer, but Eric P. Levy sums up his plays excellently when he says: â€Å"Beckett explores human experience as he finds it today: denied any explanations but desperately needing them. † I believe this to be the perfect description of what Beckett‘s aims were for the audience; being denied any explanation from Beckett himself and desperately wanting to know who or what Godot is. In stark contrast to Beckett’s surreal settings and arbitrary dialogue, Jean-Paul Sartre holds no blows when delivering his existentialist piece No Exit. The set itself is more representative of the hellish circumstances in which he has placed his characters as opposed to the stark emptiness of Beckett’s setting. The setting is just one room with no windows so characters and spectators alike have no sense of what time of day it is and a claustrophobic awareness is supported further by keeping the whole play within one act. In Waiting for Godot we observe all of the action in a sparse wilderness with just one solitary foliage-free tree as a visual representation of the outside world. The only hint of time passing is when the characters mention the previous days events or when the tree shows a mere sprouting of greenery in the second act of the piece. Along with the scenery the title of the play, No Exit, precedes dialogue and induces drama by giving a sense of inescapability and hopeless struggle to the play. Frederick Lumley describes the set beautifully in saying; †¦with it’s barren walls, it’s bricked up windows excluding daylight so that night and day are alike, the space where a mirror once hung (for in eternity one must look at others, not oneself anymore), is all part of a masochistic nightmare where continuity becomes an endless symphony of torture worse than any physical torture. With these points in mind it is evident that Sartre relied more on the situation in which his characters were based rather than the frivolities of Beckett’s characters and his absurdist approach. Although Beckett and Sartre shared the same philosophical outlooks on existentialism and the nature of human behaviour, Sartre used the theatre as his soap-box to create and present his philosophical views and tended to show the drama in the situation rather than the character based approach which Beckett utilized in most of his plays. Sartre himself states; As a successor to the theatre of characters we want to have a theatre of situation. The people in our plays will be distinct from one another – not as a coward is from a miser or a miser from a brave man, but rather as actions are divergent or clashing, as right may conflict with right. Sartre uses the situation in No Exit to create the dramatic conflict and tense atmosphere whereas Beckett uses the theatre of absurdity with sparse and stunning dialogue to create some form of dramatic tension in Waiting for Godot. Conclusively this makes Beckett’s play very much more ambiguous compared to the out and out existentialist views portrayed in No Exit. The characters in Sartre’s piece all seem familiar to an audience who after witnessing the play have no quandary in deciding where the play leads or where it leads from and the content from it’s start to it‘s twisted and violent conclusion definitely advocates Sartre‘s theory; â€Å"Hell is other people. † Waiting for Godot, however, leaves the audience perplexed at the outcome and offers various questions as to the origin of it’s characters along with their motivations and mundane existence. With the erratic lines of action and the surreal and often pointless conversation, the audience can derive that the whole point of Waiting for Godot is; there is no point. But is this correct? Only Samuel Beckett could have revealed that answer. Bibliography Beckett. S. Waiting For Godot. Chatham: Faber & Faber. 2006 ed. Sartre. J. P No Exit and three other plays. Vintage International. 1996 ed. McDonald. R. The Cambridge Introduction to Samuel Beckett. Cambridge: CUP. 2006. Levy. E. P. Beckett And The Voice Of The Species. Dublin: Macmillan. 1980 Knowlson. J & McMillan (eds. ) The Theatrical Notebooks of Samuel Beckett, vol I: Waiting for Godot. London: Faber & Faber, 1994. Unwin. S & Woddis. C. A Pocket Guide To 20th Century Drama. London: Faber & Faber. 2001. Lumley. F. New Trends In 20th Century Drama. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd. 1972 ed. References Styan. J. L Modern Drama in Theory and Practice2 (Symbolism, Surrealism and the Absurd) Cambridge: CUP 1998 Lenny Love 2007 ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Knowlson, Damned to Fame, p. 178. [ 3 ]. New Trends In 20th Century Drama, Ch10 p139 [ 4 ]. Cambridge Intro to S. Beckett [ 5 ]. Cambridge Intro to S. Beckett Ch2, p22 [ 6 ]. Cambridge Intro to S. Beckett ch2, p23 [ 7 ]. Levy. E. P. Beckett & the Voice of Species. p. 3. [ 8 ]. New Trends In 20th Century Drama. Ch10, p150 [ 9 ]. New Trends in 20th Century Drama. Ch10, p141.